Effect of Training and Level of External Auditory Feedback on the Singing Voice: Pitch Inaccuracy.

Bottalico, Pasquale ORCID: 0000-0002-7394-4796, Graetzer, Simone ORCID: 0000-0003-1446-5637 and Hunter, Eric J ORCID: 0000-0001-5571-464X (2017) Effect of Training and Level of External Auditory Feedback on the Singing Voice: Pitch Inaccuracy. Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation, 31 (1). 122.e9-122.e16.

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Abstract

<h4>Background</h4>One of the most important aspects of singing is the control of fundamental frequency.<h4>Objectives</h4>The effects on pitch inaccuracy, defined as the distance in cents in equally tempered tuning between the reference note and the sung note, of the following conditions were evaluated: (1) level of external feedback, (2) tempo (slow or fast), (3) articulation (legato or staccato), (4) tessitura (low, medium, or high), and (5) semi-phrase direction (ascending or descending).<h4>Methods</h4>The subjects were 10 nonprofessional singers and 10 classically trained professional or semi-professional singers (10 men and 10 women). Subjects sang one octave and a fifth arpeggi with three different levels of external auditory feedback, two tempi, and two articulations (legato or staccato).<h4>Results</h4>It was observed that inaccuracy was greatest in the descending semi-phrase arpeggi produced at a fast tempo and with a staccato articulation, especially for nonprofessional singers. The magnitude of inaccuracy was also relatively large in the high tessitura relative to the low and the medium tessitura for such singers. Contrary to predictions, when external auditory feedback was strongly attenuated by the hearing protectors, nonprofessional singers showed greater pitch accuracy than in the other external feedback conditions. This finding indicates the importance of internal auditory feedback in pitch control.<h4>Conclusions</h4>With an increase in training, the singer's pitch inaccuracy decreases.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Humans, Voice Training, Feedback, Psychological, Self Concept, Pitch Perception, Voice Quality, Acoustics, Time Factors, Adult, Occupations, Female, Male, Young Adult, Singing
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	14 Jun 2017 09:22
Last Modified:	19 Jan 2023 07:03
DOI:	10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.01.012
Related URLs:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3007971