%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
Natalia Cooper, Ferdinando Milella, Carlo Pinto, Iain Cant, Mark White, Georg Meyer
The effects of substitute multisensory feedback on task performance and the sense of presence in a virtual reality environment
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 8 0 R/Annots 9 0 R/Contents 10 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
9 0 obj
[11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R]
endobj
11 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
13 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref008)>>
endobj
14 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref012)>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref001)>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref004)>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref014)>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref026)>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref014)>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref027)>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref015)>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref009)>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref028)>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref011)>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref028)>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref008)>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref009)>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref011)>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref015)>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref020)>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
34 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref008)>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
36 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
37 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
38 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref032)>>
endobj
39 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref034)>>
endobj
40 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 41 0 R>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<>
endobj
10 0 obj
[42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R]
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
347.9244 654.3496 m
352.6866 654.3496 l
h
f*
357.8457 654.3496 m
362.6079 654.3496 l
h
f*
230.1165 641.3102 m
234.8787 641.3102 l
h
f*
240.0378 641.3102 m
249.5622 641.3102 l
h
f*
278.589 602.3055 m
288.1134 602.3055 l
h
f*
545.0457 602.3055 m
549.8079 602.3055 l
h
f*
200.0126 589.3228 m
204.7748 589.3228 l
h
f*
206.9858 589.3228 m
216.5102 589.3228 l
h
f*
221.6693 589.3228 m
231.1937 589.3228 l
h
f*
380.8063 589.3228 m
390.3307 589.3228 l
h
f*
394.7528 589.3228 m
404.2772 589.3228 l
h
f*
344.1827 576.3402 m
353.7071 576.3402 l
h
f*
300.5858 537.3354 m
305.348 537.3354 l
h
f*
356.4283 537.3354 m
365.9528 537.3354 l
h
f*
507.685 498.3307 m
517.2094 498.3307 l
h
f*
521.6315 498.3307 m
531.1559 498.3307 l
h
f*
356.3717 420.3213 m
361.1339 420.3213 l
h
f*
365.6126 420.3213 m
370.3748 420.3213 l
h
f*
374.7969 420.3213 m
384.3213 420.3213 l
h
f*
388.8 420.3213 m
398.2677 420.3213 l
h
f*
403.4835 420.3213 m
412.9512 420.3213 l
h
f*
245.8205 316.3465 m
250.5827 316.3465 l
h
f*
255.7417 316.3465 m
260.5039 316.3465 l
h
f*
416.1827 303.3071 m
420.9449 303.3071 l
h
f*
400.1953 264.3024 m
409.663 264.3024 l
h
f*
414.8787 264.3024 m
424.3465 264.3024 l
h
f*
520.0441 160.3276 m
529.5685 160.3276 l
h
f*
534.0472 160.3276 m
543.515 160.3276 l
h
f*
548.7307 160.3276 m
558.1984 160.3276 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(particular)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(vestibular)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(cues,)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(require)Tj
3.1124 0 Td
(complex)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(motion)Tj
3.1691 0 Td
(platforms,)Tj
4.2859 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(often)Tj
-34.4293 -1.3039 Td
(omitted.)Tj
1.1962 -1.2982 Td
(There)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(substantial)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(evidence)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(improvements)Tj
6.0321 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(simulation)Tj
4.4957 0 Td
(fidelity,)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(degree)Tj
2.8574 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(which)Tj
-34.7468 -1.2983 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(technology)Tj
4.6205 0 Td
(delivers)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(objectively)Tj
4.4844 0 Td
(measurable)Tj
4.7678 0 Td
(match)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(real-world)Tj
4.3823 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(signals,)Tj
-31.2829 -1.2983 Td
(\(Immersion,)Tj
5.244 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(Slater's)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(terminology)Tj
5.1307 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(]\),)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(improves)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(training)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(environ-)Tj
-32.6662 -1.3039 Td
(ments)Tj
2.6702 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.067 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.8618 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(therefore)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(tempting)Tj
3.8607 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(stimulate)Tj
3.8948 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(many)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(modalities)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(to)Tj
-35.6142 -1.2982 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2881 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(greatest)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(simulation)Tj
4.4957 0 Td
(fidelity.)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(Practical)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(considerations,)Tj
6.2929 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(financial)Tj
-32.4678 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(operational)Tj
4.7735 0 Td
(constraints,)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(limit)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(degree)Tj
2.8517 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(stimuli)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(in)Tj
-34.333 -1.3039 Td
(many)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(applications)Tj
5.04 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(While)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(there,)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7758 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(progress)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(providing)Tj
4.1443 0 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
-34.1629 -1.2983 Td
(4)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
3.6793 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(still)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(significant)Tj
4.388 0 Td
(challenges)Tj
4.32 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7347 0 Td
(27)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(make)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(tasks)Tj
2.1714 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(difficult)Tj
-33.63 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(decrease)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8141 0 Td
(efficiency)Tj
4.0252 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(15)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8539 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(presented.)Tj
-23.2269 -1.3039 Td
(Virtual)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(immersive)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(experiences)Tj
4.8699 0 Td
(do)Tj
1.2529 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(just)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(depend)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(factors,)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(include)Tj
-32.207 -1.2982 Td
(actional)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(symbolic)Tj
3.8041 0 Td
(components)Tj
5.1761 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(give)Tj
1.8312 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.9549 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(impression)Tj
4.6658 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(in)Tj
-36.3512 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4312 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(9)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(Ferwerda)Tj
3.9798 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(28)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(context)Tj
3.1862 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(image)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(fidelity,)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7758 0 Td
(makes)Tj
-34.8659 -1.3039 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(distinction)Tj
4.5297 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(physical)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(\(veridical)Tj
3.9628 0 Td
(stimulation)Tj
4.7848 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(system\),)Tj
3.4979 0 Td
(photo-real-)Tj
-33.063 -1.2983 Td
(ism)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(\(veridical)Tj
3.9742 0 Td
(representation\))Tj
6.3552 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.3087 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(\(veridical)Tj
3.9742 0 Td
(representation)Tj
6.015 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(symbolic)Tj
-33.4996 -1.2982 Td
(information\))Tj
5.4141 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(stresses)Tj
3.1805 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.3086 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(particularly)Tj
4.8075 0 Td
(task-relevant)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(28)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-30.9654 -1.2983 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(environments)Tj
5.794 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(entirely)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(represent)Tj
3.9572 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.3086 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0797 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(arbitrary)Tj
-33.3352 -1.3039 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(modalities.)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2076 0 Td
(assembly)Tj
3.8267 0 Td
(task,)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9333 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(necessary)Tj
4.0251 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(fully)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(insert)Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(a)Tj
-35.9487 -1.2983 Td
(part)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(before)Tj
2.7382 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(next)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(step)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.627 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(undertaken.)Tj
5.0456 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6952 0 Td
(life)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0797 0 Td
(\(part)Tj
2.1827 0 Td
(snaps)Tj
2.4377 0 Td
(into)Tj
1.8426 0 Td
(place\))Tj
-35.1097 -1.2983 Td
(would)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(signalled)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(simultaneous)Tj
5.5388 0 Td
(change)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(range)Tj
2.4604 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(weight,)Tj
-32.4111 -1.3039 Td
(vibration,)Tj
4.0988 0 Td
(sound)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(visual)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(cues.)Tj
2.177 0 Td
(Since)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(much)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(difficult)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(realise)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(envi-)Tj
-35.5519 -1.2982 Td
(ronments)Tj
4.0988 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(visual)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(auditory)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2642 0 Td
(9)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.9185 0 Td
(11)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(15)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(20)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(limiting)Tj
3.4016 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0739 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(subset)Tj
2.6986 0 Td
(of)Tj
-34.9339 -1.2983 Td
(modalities)Tj
4.3709 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(affect)Tj
2.3755 0 Td
(performance.)Tj
-9.0538 -1.3039 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8177 0 Td
(environments,)Tj
6.0207 0 Td
(however,)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(constrained)Tj
4.9266 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(physical)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(limitations)Tj
4.5354 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.5292 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(world;)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(symbolic)Tj
3.8041 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.627 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(presented)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(arbitrary)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(modalities)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(arbitrary)Tj
-33.6016 -1.2983 Td
(signals.)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(symbolic)Tj
3.8041 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0796 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(`snapping)Tj
4.1046 0 Td
(into)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(place',)Tj
2.7042 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(repre-)Tj
-34.7128 -1.2982 Td
(sented)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(colour)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(change)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(part,)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(arbitrary)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(sound)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(vibration)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(signals.)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(Presenting)Tj
4.4843 0 Td
(task-rel-)Tj
-34.0608 -1.3039 Td
(evant)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0796 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(alternative)Tj
4.422 0 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(modalities)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(means)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(reduces)Tj
-33.4599 -1.2983 Td
(because)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(presented)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(longer)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(objectively)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
(match)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(environments)Tj
5.7884 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(real)Tj
-34.8999 -1.2983 Td
(behaviour)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.5908 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.8617 0 Td
(might)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(therefore)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(argued)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(consequently)Tj
5.4878 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.5553 -1.3039 Td
(negative)Tj
3.5319 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(experience)Tj
4.507 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-20.0805 -1.2982 Td
(An)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(alternative)Tj
4.4163 0 Td
(argument)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(providing)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(task-relevant)Tj
5.3574 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0797 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(cues,)Tj
-33.4939 -1.2983 Td
(while)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(reducing)Tj
3.7701 0 Td
(physical)Tj
3.4525 0 Td
(fidelity,)Tj
3.2202 0 Td
(adds)Tj
2.0692 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.3087 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0796 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(relevant)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(natural)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(inter-)Tj
-34.7808 -1.3039 Td
(action,)Tj
2.9196 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(focus)Tj
2.3243 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Witmer)Tj
3.3676 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Singer's)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
3.3166 0 Td
(definition)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(immersion:)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(able)Tj
-35.4328 -1.2983 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(affect,)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(affected)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(by,)Tj
1.406 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(environment.)Tj
5.6579 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(provision)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(task-relevant)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(infor-)Tj
-34.6448 -1.2983 Td
(mation)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(modalities,)Tj
4.5977 0 Td
(therefore,)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(enhance)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(interaction)Tj
4.6091 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(involvement)Tj
5.2157 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
-34.9566 -1.3039 Td
(environments)Tj
5.7883 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(consequently)Tj
5.4878 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(positive)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(effect)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(user)Tj
-31.6854 -1.2982 Td
(experience.)Tj
1.1962 -1.2983 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(principal)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(question)Tj
3.6624 0 Td
(driving)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(research)Tj
3.5547 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(environments)Tj
5.7883 0 Td
(can)Tj
-35.5065 -1.2983 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(substituted)Tj
4.6148 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(alternative)Tj
4.4163 0 Td
(information-bearing)Tj
8.4472 0 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0941 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(modalities.)Tj
4.5977 0 Td
(While)Tj
-33.749 -1.3039 Td
(such)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(enhance)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(available)Tj
3.668 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(users,)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(negatively)Tj
4.235 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.8637 -1.2983 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(environment,)Tj
5.6579 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(linked)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7405 0 Td
(32)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(34)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-33.4032 -1.2982 Td
(We)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1613 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(experience)Tj
4.507 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9458 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.2945 -1.3039 Td
(address)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(question.)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(hypothesise)Tj
4.8926 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(cueing)Tj
2.8743 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(positive)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(effect)Tj
-34.9679 -1.2983 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1613 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(collected)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(completion)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
-35.9827 -1.2983 Td
(realistic)Tj
3.3108 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(environment.)Tj
-7.1489 -1.3039 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(following)Tj
3.9798 0 Td
(sections,)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3323 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(review)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(multimodal)Tj
4.9095 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(perfor-)Tj
-33.2218 -1.2982 Td
(mance)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(environments.)Tj
6.0151 0 Td
(Then)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(discuss)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(previous)Tj
3.6453 0 Td
(work)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 395.8299 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Substitute)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(multisensor)Tj
5.0245 0 Td
(y)Tj
0.7157 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
4.2095 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.978 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(environme)Tj
4.585 0 Td
(nt)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01918)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(46)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(February)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(1,)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(2018)Tj
33.7042 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
43 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
55 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
56 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
57 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
58 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
59 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
60 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
61 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(25)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
62 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 8 0 R/Annots 64 0 R/Contents 65 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
64 0 obj
[66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R]
endobj
66 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref035)>>
endobj
67 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref011)>>
endobj
68 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref014)>>
endobj
69 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref035)>>
endobj
70 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref041)>>
endobj
71 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref035)>>
endobj
72 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref014)>>
endobj
73 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref036)>>
endobj
74 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref040)>>
endobj
75 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref039)>>
endobj
76 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref039)>>
endobj
77 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref041)>>
endobj
78 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref011)>>
endobj
79 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref042)>>
endobj
80 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref043)>>
endobj
81 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref044)>>
endobj
82 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref045)>>
endobj
83 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref044)>>
endobj
84 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref045)>>
endobj
85 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref046)>>
endobj
86 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref015)>>
endobj
87 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref014)>>
endobj
88 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref016)>>
endobj
89 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref014)>>
endobj
90 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref016)>>
endobj
91 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref002)>>
endobj
92 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref004)>>
endobj
93 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref017)>>
endobj
94 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref021)>>
endobj
95 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref026)>>
endobj
96 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref022)>>
endobj
97 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref023)>>
endobj
98 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref024)>>
endobj
99 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref025)>>
endobj
100 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 101 0 R>>
endobj
101 0 obj
<>
endobj
65 0 obj
[102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R]
endobj
102 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
374.2299 588.926 m
383.7543 588.926 l
h
f*
203.4142 562.9039 m
212.9386 562.9039 l
h
f*
217.3606 562.9039 m
226.885 562.9039 l
h
f*
231.3071 562.9039 m
240.8315 562.9039 l
h
f*
246.0472 562.9039 m
255.515 562.9039 l
h
f*
501.222 549.9213 m
510.7465 549.9213 l
h
f*
222.463 536.9386 m
231.9307 536.9386 l
h
f*
500.0315 536.9386 m
509.4992 536.9386 l
h
f*
514.715 536.9386 m
524.1827 536.9386 l
h
f*
323.4331 523.8992 m
332.9008 523.8992 l
h
f*
203.4142 484.8945 m
212.9386 484.8945 l
h
f*
479.9055 484.8945 m
489.4299 484.8945 l
h
f*
224.0504 419.9244 m
233.5748 419.9244 l
h
f*
382.5638 380.9197 m
392.0315 380.9197 l
h
f*
469.4173 380.9197 m
478.9417 380.9197 l
h
f*
222.7465 367.937 m
232.2709 367.937 l
h
f*
236.6929 367.937 m
246.2173 367.937 l
h
f*
389.2535 341.915 m
398.778 341.915 l
h
f*
472.9323 341.915 m
482.4567 341.915 l
h
f*
348.548 263.9055 m
358.0724 263.9055 l
h
f*
429.2787 250.9228 m
438.7465 250.9228 l
h
f*
410.4 237.9402 m
419.9244 237.9402 l
h
f*
425.0835 237.9402 m
434.6079 237.9402 l
h
f*
505.1906 237.9402 m
514.715 237.9402 l
h
f*
384.7748 198.9354 m
394.2992 198.9354 l
h
f*
434.8913 146.948 m
439.6535 146.948 l
h
f*
444.8126 146.948 m
449.5748 146.948 l
h
f*
453.9969 146.948 m
463.5213 146.948 l
h
f*
468.737 146.948 m
478.2047 146.948 l
h
f*
482.6835 146.948 m
492.2079 146.948 l
h
f*
203.4142 133.9087 m
212.9386 133.9087 l
h
f*
463.4079 133.9087 m
472.9323 133.9087 l
h
f*
477.3543 133.9087 m
486.8787 133.9087 l
h
f*
298.9417 107.9433 m
308.4094 107.9433 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(user's)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(immersion,)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(specifically)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(focusing)Tj
3.6113 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(relationship)Tj
-32.0483 -1.3039 Td
(between)Tj
3.5262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1613 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(performance.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 646.0157 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Performance)Tj
5.6268 0 Td
(improvements)Tj
6.2693 0 Td
(via)Tj
1.4362 0 Td
(multi-sensory)Tj
5.9954 0 Td
(cues)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 629.0078 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(interacting)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(world)Tj
2.5568 0 Td
(environments,)Tj
6.0151 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(bias)Tj
1.7914 0 Td
(towards)Tj
3.4016 0 Td
(vision)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(take)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(most)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.2208 -1.2982 Td
(our)Tj
1.627 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(about)Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4312 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(visual)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(modality.)Tj
3.9968 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(environments)Tj
5.7939 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.7824 0 Td
(is)Tj
-36.7424 -1.3039 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(additional)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0739 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(order)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(improve)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(ability)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(identify)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(the)Tj
-33.6243 -1.2983 Td
(important)Tj
4.2802 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(relevant)Tj
3.4243 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(35)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Experimental)Tj
5.6069 0 Td
(research)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(multisensory)Tj
5.4028 0 Td
(stimu-)Tj
-34.7582 -1.2983 Td
(lation)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(suggests)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(potential)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(benefits)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(modalities,)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(audio)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(tactile)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
-32.4281 -1.3039 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7347 0 Td
(14)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3947 0 Td
(35)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(41)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2088 0 Td
(Indeed,)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9821 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(visual)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(audio)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(cues,)Tj
2.1827 0 Td
(presented)Tj
-31.402 -1.2982 Td
(alone)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(combination,)Tj
5.5729 0 Td
(improve)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(target)Tj
2.5114 0 Td
(localisation)Tj
4.7565 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(35)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0807 0 Td
(target)Tj
2.5114 0 Td
(accu-)Tj
-34.3726 -1.2983 Td
(racy)Tj
1.9048 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(spatial)Tj
2.778 0 Td
(attention)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
(tasks)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3336 0 Td
(affecting)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(perceptual)Tj
4.405 0 Td
(workload)Tj
3.9968 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(36)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(40)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(Beha-)Tj
-33.2048 -1.3039 Td
(vioural)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9106 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(Meyer)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(39)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(revealed)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(temporally,)Tj
4.7621 0 Td
(spatially,)Tj
3.7021 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(semantically)Tj
-29.3497 -1.2983 Td
(congruent)Tj
4.3313 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0796 0 Td
(represented)Tj
4.9096 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(modality)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(facilitates)Tj
3.9571 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3518 0 Td
(i.e.)Tj
-34.5087 -1.2983 Td
(multimodal)Tj
4.9095 0 Td
(stimuli)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(detected)Tj
3.5716 0 Td
(faster)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(accurately)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(incongruent)Tj
5.1476 0 Td
(bimodal)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(stimuli)Tj
-33.732 -1.3039 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(39)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(effect)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(limited)Tj
3.067 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(additional)Tj
4.2747 0 Td
(modality;)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(Hecht)Tj
2.6588 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(41)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(found)Tj
-34.8885 -1.2982 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(reaction)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(times)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(tri-modal)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(\(visual,)Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(audio,)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(haptic\))Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(much)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(faster)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(reaction)Tj
-33.8681 -1.2983 Td
(times)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(bi-modal)Tj
3.8777 0 Td
(signals,)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(turn)Tj
1.9672 0 Td
(faster)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(uni-modal)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(simple)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(detec-)Tj
-34.8772 -1.2983 Td
(tion)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(task.)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(They)Tj
2.2393 0 Td
(note)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(although)Tj
3.7531 0 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(perception)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(inferior)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(active)Tj
-33.7604 -1.3039 Td
(movement,)Tj
4.7394 0 Td
(its)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(combination)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(modalities)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(\(visual)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(audio\))Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(advantageous.)Tj
5.8563 0 Td
(Meyer)Tj
-34.0608 -1.2982 Td
(et)Tj
0.941 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1226 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(showed)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(training)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(additional)Tj
4.2747 0 Td
(task-relevant)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(visual)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(auditory)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(lead)Tj
-35.4328 -1.2983 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(transferrable)Tj
5.2951 0 Td
(improvements)Tj
6.0321 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(performance.)Tj
-12.1945 -1.3039 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(benefits)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(multisensory)Tj
5.4085 0 Td
(stimulation)Tj
4.7962 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(demonstrated)Tj
5.7599 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(interface)Tj
3.7021 0 Td
(design)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(stud-)Tj
-35.0246 -1.2983 Td
(ies)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(relation)Tj
3.3166 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(improved)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3518 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(42)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(satisfaction)Tj
4.7055 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(43)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(reduced)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(cognitive)Tj
-33.63 -1.2983 Td
(load)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(44)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(45)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(Tasks)Tj
2.4832 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(generally)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(performed)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(faster,)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(greater)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(efficiency,)Tj
4.2519 0 Td
(even)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(task)Tj
-34.6674 -1.3039 Td
(difficulty)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(increased.)Tj
4.2293 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(assessing)Tj
3.804 0 Td
(cognitive)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(workload)Tj
3.9969 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.138 -1.2982 Td
(multimodal)Tj
4.9095 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(unimodal)Tj
4.0989 0 Td
(interfaces,)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(Shi)Tj
1.491 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(44)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Oviatt)Tj
2.7156 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(45)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(showed)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(multi-)Tj
-33.8341 -1.2983 Td
(modal)Tj
2.7552 0 Td
(interfaces)Tj
4.0592 0 Td
(lead)Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(reductions)Tj
4.4731 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(cognitive)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(workload)Tj
3.9912 0 Td
(reflected)Tj
3.6453 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7813 0 Td
(\(physiological\))Tj
-31.5323 -1.2983 Td
(measures.)Tj
1.1962 -1.3039 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(3D)Tj
1.4344 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(interactions,)Tj
5.193 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(limited)Tj
3.067 0 Td
(possibilities)Tj
4.8756 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(feedback:)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(Force)Tj
-34.2536 -1.2983 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(conveys)Tj
3.3958 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(generation)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(forces)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(mechanical)Tj
4.7678 0 Td
(inter-)Tj
-35.189 -1.2982 Td
(face)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(moves)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(applies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(force)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(point)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(body,)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(fin-)Tj
-35.3704 -1.3039 Td
(ger-tip)Tj
2.9139 0 Td
(\(via)Tj
1.7122 0 Td
(phantom)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(devices,)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(46)Tj
0 g
(]\).)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(As)Tj
1.2643 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0876 0 Td
(cue,)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(vibrotactile)Tj
4.7168 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(a)Tj
-34.0722 -1.2983 Td
(relatively)Tj
3.838 0 Td
(simple)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(mechanism)Tj
4.8416 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(providing)Tj
4.1442 0 Td
(tactile)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(signals)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(15)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(even)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
(though)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(mechanical)Tj
4.7679 0 Td
(resis-)Tj
-34.5711 -1.2983 Td
(tance)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(movements)Tj
4.8755 0 Td
(cannot)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(way)Tj
1.7915 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(Martinez)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1225 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(compared)Tj
-32.0312 -1.3039 Td
(force)Tj
2.2336 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(vibrotactile)Tj
4.7168 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(texture)Tj
3.0331 0 Td
(detection)Tj
3.9344 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(showed)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(vibrotactile)Tj
4.7168 0 Td
(feed-)Tj
-34.9452 -1.2982 Td
(back)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(efficient)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(force)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(recognition)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(textures)Tj
3.3902 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(patterns)Tj
-34.3386 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(shapes.)Tj
3.067 0 Td
(Similarly,)Tj
4.0309 0 Td
(Schoonmaker)Tj
5.7543 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Cao)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(suggested)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(distortions)Tj
4.5354 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(force)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(feed-)Tj
-35.1097 -1.3039 Td
(back)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(devices)Tj
3.101 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(minimal)Tj
3.6226 0 Td
(invasive)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(surgery)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(make)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(difficult)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(surgeons)Tj
-33.1708 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(argue)Tj
2.4434 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(vibrotactile)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(serve)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(viable)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(force)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(feedback.)Tj
3.9684 0 Td
(The)Tj
-34.1912 -1.2983 Td
(empirical)Tj
3.9911 0 Td
(research)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(investigating)Tj
5.3178 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(benefits)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(vibrotactile)Tj
4.7168 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(potential)Tj
-31.538 -1.2982 Td
(advantages)Tj
4.5977 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(vibrotactile)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(interaction)Tj
4.6091 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(2)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(4)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.2507 0 Td
(17)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(21)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.8687 0 Td
(26)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(spatial)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(guidance)Tj
-32.7796 -1.3039 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(22)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(teaching)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(learning)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(processes)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(new)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(physical)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(activities)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(23)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7347 0 Td
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
(Vibrotactile)Tj
4.9549 0 Td
(feed-)Tj
-34.4293 -1.2983 Td
(back)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(efficient)Tj
3.4525 0 Td
(warning)Tj
3.5376 0 Td
(signal)Tj
2.5399 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(complex)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(tasks)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(driving)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.2945 -1.2983 Td
(car)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(air)Tj
1.2926 0 Td
(traffic)Tj
2.5909 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-8.3564 -1.3039 Td
(Despite)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(supportive)Tj
4.456 0 Td
(evidence,)Tj
3.9288 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0522 0 Td
(reported)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2372 0 Td
(modalities,)Tj
4.5864 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(par-)Tj
-35.9204 -1.2983 Td
(ticular)Tj
2.7892 0 Td
(tactile)Tj
2.6079 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(audio)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(feedback,)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(decrease)Tj
3.6113 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(performance;)Tj
5.5728 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7758 0 Td
(audio)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(and)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 395.8299 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Substitute)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(multisensor)Tj
5.0245 0 Td
(y)Tj
0.7157 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
4.2095 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.978 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(environme)Tj
4.585 0 Td
(nt)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01918)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(46)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(February)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(1,)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(2018)Tj
33.7042 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
103 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
104 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
105 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
106 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
107 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
108 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
109 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
110 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
111 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
112 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
113 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
114 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
115 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
116 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
117 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
118 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
119 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
120 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
121 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
122 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
123 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
124 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
125 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
126 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(25)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
127 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 8 0 R/Annots 128 0 R/Contents 129 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
128 0 obj
[130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R]
endobj
130 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref026)>>
endobj
131 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref047)>>
endobj
132 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref048)>>
endobj
133 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref027)>>
endobj
134 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref049)>>
endobj
135 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref050)>>
endobj
136 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
137 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
138 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
139 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref032)>>
endobj
140 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref051)>>
endobj
141 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref056)>>
endobj
142 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
143 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
144 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
145 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref032)>>
endobj
146 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref051)>>
endobj
147 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref056)>>
endobj
148 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
149 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
150 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref034)>>
endobj
151 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
152 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
153 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref032)>>
endobj
154 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
155 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
156 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
157 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
158 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref032)>>
endobj
159 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref034)>>
endobj
160 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref055)>>
endobj
161 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
162 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
163 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
164 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
165 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
166 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref033)>>
endobj
167 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref056)>>
endobj
168 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref044)>>
endobj
169 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref045)>>
endobj
170 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref011)>>
endobj
171 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref039)>>
endobj
172 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref057)>>
endobj
173 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref058)>>
endobj
174 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref021)>>
endobj
175 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
176 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
177 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
178 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
179 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref053)>>
endobj
180 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref056)>>
endobj
181 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref059)>>
endobj
182 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref060)>>
endobj
183 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref061)>>
endobj
184 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref053)>>
endobj
185 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref061)>>
endobj
186 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref056)>>
endobj
187 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref059)>>
endobj
188 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref060)>>
endobj
189 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
190 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref034)>>
endobj
191 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref051)>>
endobj
192 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref055)>>
endobj
193 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
194 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref032)>>
endobj
195 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref060)>>
endobj
196 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref062)>>
endobj
197 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 198 0 R>>
endobj
198 0 obj
<>
endobj
129 0 obj
[199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R 228 0 R 229 0 R]
endobj
199 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
475.9937 693.2976 m
485.4614 693.2976 l
h
f*
489.9402 693.2976 m
499.4646 693.2976 l
h
f*
503.8866 693.2976 m
513.411 693.2976 l
h
f*
297.0142 667.3323 m
306.5386 667.3323 l
h
f*
409.6063 641.3102 m
419.1307 641.3102 l
h
f*
203.4142 628.3276 m
212.9386 628.3276 l
h
f*
546.5764 510.9165 m
551.2819 510.9165 l
h
f*
556.4976 510.9165 m
561.2598 510.9165 l
h
f*
200.0126 497.9339 m
209.537 497.9339 l
h
f*
214.6961 497.9339 m
224.2205 497.9339 l
h
f*
228.6425 497.9339 m
238.1669 497.9339 l
h
f*
243.326 497.9339 m
252.8504 497.9339 l
h
f*
287.8299 484.8945 m
292.5921 484.8945 l
h
f*
297.7512 484.8945 m
302.5134 484.8945 l
h
f*
306.9354 484.8945 m
316.4598 484.8945 l
h
f*
321.6756 484.8945 m
331.1433 484.8945 l
h
f*
335.622 484.8945 m
345.1465 484.8945 l
h
f*
350.3055 484.8945 m
359.8299 484.8945 l
h
f*
417.7134 445.9465 m
427.2378 445.9465 l
h
f*
432.3969 445.9465 m
441.9213 445.9465 l
h
f*
446.4 445.9465 m
455.9244 445.9465 l
h
f*
445.6063 432.9071 m
450.3685 432.9071 l
h
f*
455.5276 432.9071 m
460.2898 432.9071 l
h
f*
472.3087 419.9244 m
481.8331 419.9244 l
h
f*
436.0252 406.9417 m
445.4929 406.9417 l
h
f*
203.4142 367.937 m
212.9386 367.937 l
h
f*
218.0976 367.937 m
227.622 367.937 l
h
f*
295.8236 341.915 m
305.348 341.915 l
h
f*
310.5071 341.915 m
320.0315 341.915 l
h
f*
324.5102 341.915 m
334.0346 341.915 l
h
f*
338.4567 341.915 m
347.9811 341.915 l
h
f*
491.3008 341.915 m
496.063 341.915 l
h
f*
501.2787 341.915 m
505.9843 341.915 l
h
f*
405.1843 289.9276 m
409.9465 289.9276 l
h
f*
415.1055 289.9276 m
419.8677 289.9276 l
h
f*
424.3465 289.9276 m
433.8142 289.9276 l
h
f*
438.2929 289.9276 m
447.8173 289.9276 l
h
f*
464.5417 263.9055 m
474.0661 263.9055 l
h
f*
329.1024 250.9228 m
338.6268 250.9228 l
h
f*
343.0488 250.9228 m
352.5732 250.9228 l
h
f*
428.9953 250.9228 m
438.5197 250.9228 l
h
f*
442.9417 250.9228 m
452.4661 250.9228 l
h
f*
524.0693 250.9228 m
533.5937 250.9228 l
h
f*
297.5244 237.9402 m
306.9921 237.9402 l
h
f*
408.0189 224.9008 m
417.5433 224.9008 l
h
f*
413.0079 185.8961 m
422.5323 185.8961 l
h
f*
427.748 185.8961 m
437.2157 185.8961 l
h
f*
277.285 159.9307 m
286.8094 159.9307 l
h
f*
291.9685 159.9307 m
301.4929 159.9307 l
h
f*
305.915 159.9307 m
315.4394 159.9307 l
h
f*
319.9181 159.9307 m
329.3858 159.9307 l
h
f*
333.8646 159.9307 m
343.389 159.9307 l
h
f*
347.811 159.9307 m
357.3354 159.9307 l
h
f*
392.1449 146.948 m
401.6693 146.948 l
h
f*
247.2945 133.9087 m
256.8189 133.9087 l
h
f*
261.2409 133.9087 m
270.7654 133.9087 l
h
f*
366.0661 133.9087 m
375.5906 133.9087 l
h
f*
380.0126 133.9087 m
389.537 133.9087 l
h
f*
394.0157 133.9087 m
403.5402 133.9087 l
h
f*
302.0598 107.9433 m
311.5843 107.9433 l
h
f*
316.7433 107.9433 m
326.2677 107.9433 l
h
f*
330.7465 107.9433 m
340.2142 107.9433 l
h
f*
345.4299 107.9433 m
354.8976 107.9433 l
h
f*
308.2394 81.9213 m
317.7071 81.9213 l
h
f*
322.1858 81.9213 m
331.7102 81.9213 l
h
f*
336.1323 81.9213 m
345.6567 81.9213 l
h
f*
350.1354 81.9213 m
359.6031 81.9213 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(tactile)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(adverse)Tj
3.2202 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(accuracy)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(tasks,)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(perceived)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(dis-)Tj
-34.9566 -1.3039 Td
(tracting)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(annoying)Tj
3.9912 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(potential)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(cause)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(overload)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(47)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3947 0 Td
(48)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-29.191 -1.2982 Td
(Sensory)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(substitution)Tj
4.989 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(successfully)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(helping)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(people)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(deficits)Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(or)Tj
-36.1471 -1.2983 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(modality)Tj
3.7701 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(27)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(Multimodal)Tj
4.9833 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(substitution)Tj
4.9889 0 Td
(devices)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(\(SSDs\))Tj
2.948 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(provide)Tj
-32.4905 -1.2983 Td
(audio)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(vibration)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(signal)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(depth)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(successfully)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(supplement)Tj
-32.326 -1.3039 Td
(visual)Tj
2.5114 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(sighted)Tj
3.0897 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(blind)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(people)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(49)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(Similarly,)Tj
4.0252 0 Td
(D'Alonzo)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Cipriani)Tj
-32.5301 -1.2982 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(50)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(showed)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(vibrotactile)Tj
4.7224 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2429 0 Td
(substitution)Tj
4.9889 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0637 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(induce)Tj
2.9424 0 Td
(self-attribution)Tj
6.2135 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.8637 -1.2983 Td
(rubber)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(hand)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9311 0 Td
(synchronous)Tj
5.3574 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(modality)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(conflicting)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(visual)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(tactile)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(stimulation.)Tj
5.023 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(this)Tj
-34.5541 -1.3039 Td
(study)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(additional)Tj
4.2747 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(cuing)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(relevant)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(manual)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(3D)Tj
-36.3399 -1.2983 Td
(environment.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 555.0236 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Presence)Tj
3.8882 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7905 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 538.0157 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(principal)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(aim)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(designing)Tj
4.0988 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(systems)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(immerse)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(users)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(extent)Tj
2.6815 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
-34.6108 -1.3039 Td
(worlds)Tj
2.9139 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(accept)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(world)Tj
2.5569 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(`real'.)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(effectiveness)Tj
5.2044 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(conse-)Tj
-32.9043 -1.2982 Td
(quently)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(considered)Tj
4.5977 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(constructs)Tj
4.3426 0 Td
(known)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(`presence')Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(`immersion')Tj
5.0457 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
-34.316 -1.2983 Td
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(32)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.8629 0 Td
(51)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(56)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2088 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(terms)Tj
2.4944 0 Td
(`presence')Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(`immersion')Tj
5.04 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(subject)Tj
3.0161 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(debate)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.1437 -1.3039 Td
(research)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(community)Tj
4.8869 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.2507 0 Td
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(32)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.8686 0 Td
(51)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(56)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(There)Tj
2.5796 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(broad)Tj
2.5682 0 Td
(consensus)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(term)Tj
2.1317 0 Td
(`presence')Tj
-33.0744 -1.2983 Td
(describes)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(feeling)Tj
2.88 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(environment,)Tj
5.6579 0 Td
(rather)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.6618 -1.2982 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(space.)Tj
2.6021 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(term)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(`presence')Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(i\))Tj
0.8277 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.3358 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4322 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(place)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(environ-)Tj
-32.978 -1.2983 Td
(ment,)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(even)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(physically)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(situated)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(another)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
3.2088 0 Td
(34)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(ii\))Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(state)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(consciousness,)Tj
-31.1695 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(\(psychological\))Tj
6.2702 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4198 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(];)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(iii\))Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(phys-)Tj
-35.3818 -1.2983 Td
(ically)Tj
2.2903 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(computer-generated)Tj
8.3734 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(remote)Tj
3.0671 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(32)Tj
0 g
(];)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(iv\))Tj
1.2812 0 Td
(user's)Tj
2.4832 0 Td
(subjective,)Tj
-32.7286 -1.2983 Td
(context-dependent)Tj
7.7725 0 Td
(psychological)Tj
5.6012 0 Td
(response)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9423 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-22.0647 -1.3039 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(definition)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(subjected)Tj
3.9684 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(controversial)Tj
5.4369 0 Td
(debate)Tj
2.8289 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.5008 -1.2982 Td
(research)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(community.)Tj
5.1136 0 Td
(Immersion)Tj
4.6772 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(researchers,)Tj
4.938 0 Td
(notably)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(Witmer)Tj
3.3676 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Singer)Tj
-34.1799 -1.2983 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
3.5432 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(experience:)Tj
4.7338 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(psychological)Tj
5.6012 0 Td
(state)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(where)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(perceives)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
(himself)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(as)Tj
-34.5994 -1.3039 Td
(being)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(included)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(interacting)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4312 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(provides)Tj
3.6454 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(continuous)Tj
4.7338 0 Td
(stream)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.8523 -1.2983 Td
(stimuli)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(experience)Tj
4.507 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(32)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
3.2088 0 Td
(34)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3947 0 Td
(55)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Other)Tj
2.5908 0 Td
(researchers,)Tj
4.9379 0 Td
(notably)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(Slater)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2259 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.6108 -1.2982 Td
(term)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(`immersion')Tj
5.0457 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(technological)Tj
5.5388 0 Td
(aspect)Tj
2.6703 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4255 0 Td
(i.e.)Tj
1.3606 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(level)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(sen-)Tj
-35.909 -1.2983 Td
(sory)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(provides.)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8448 0 Td
(measurable)Tj
4.7678 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(physical)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(parameters,)Tj
4.8983 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(as)Tj
-35.8977 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(regard,)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(view,)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
(stereoscopy,)Tj
5.091 0 Td
(display)Tj
3.033 0 Td
(size,)Tj
1.9106 0 Td
(display)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(resolution,)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(head)Tj
2.1317 0 Td
(based)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(ren-)Tj
-34.9226 -1.2983 Td
(dering,)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(frame)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(rate)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(refresh)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(rate)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(amongst)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(others)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.2564 0 Td
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(33)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-22.6316 -1.2983 Td
(A)Tj
0.907 0 Td
(variety)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(proposed)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(measure)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(immersion.)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(most)Tj
-34.7808 -1.3039 Td
(common)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9458 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(questionnaires)Tj
6.0661 0 Td
(\(for)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(review)Tj
2.846 0 Td
(see)Tj
1.4229 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(56)Tj
0 g
(]\).)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(Objective)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
(measures)Tj
-32.5528 -1.2982 Td
(include)Tj
3.1804 0 Td
(physiological)Tj
5.4482 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(44)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(45)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.024 0 Td
(recordings)Tj
4.49 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(39)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(eye)Tj
1.525 0 Td
(movement)Tj
4.5128 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(57)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(task)Tj
-35.0189 -1.2983 Td
(switching)Tj
4.0591 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3518 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(58)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Visually)Tj
3.4525 0 Td
(evoked)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(postural)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(responses)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(proposed)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(an)Tj
-36.4816 -1.3039 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7813 0 Td
(measure)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4312 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(21)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-19.2641 -1.2983 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(assess)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(perception)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(study,)Tj
2.6136 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(short)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(five-item)Tj
3.8098 0 Td
(question-)Tj
-33.0064 -1.2983 Td
(naire)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(repeatedly;)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(items)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(questionnaire)Tj
5.7033 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(derived)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(Presence)Tj
-32.1163 -1.3039 Td
(Questionnaire)Tj
5.9413 0 Td
(\(PQ\))Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(designed)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(Witmer)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Singer)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5432 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(PQ)Tj
1.525 0 Td
(questionnaire)Tj
5.709 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(fre-)Tj
-34.367 -1.2982 Td
(quently)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(measure)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(perception)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
(because)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(its)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(convenience)Tj
5.21 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.9849 -1.2983 Td
(non-intrusiveness)Tj
7.387 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
3.2031 0 Td
(53)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(56)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3947 0 Td
(59)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(60)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
(PQ)Tj
1.525 0 Td
(ratings)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(commonly)Tj
4.5467 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(correlated)Tj
-32.1163 -1.2983 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(technological)Tj
5.5389 0 Td
(aspects)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(design)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(61)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(immersive)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(tendencies)Tj
-32.4564 -1.3039 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(user)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(53)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7347 0 Td
(61)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(56)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(59)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(60)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Empirical)Tj
4.1386 0 Td
(research)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(VR)Tj
-34.9963 -1.2982 Td
(technologies)Tj
5.2157 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(produce)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(greater)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(involvement)Tj
5.2101 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6668 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(produce)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.0224 -1.2983 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(34)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
3.2088 0 Td
(51)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(55)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(Increased)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(simulation)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(realism)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(\(fidelity\))Tj
3.6736 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8448 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2018 0 Td
(impor-)Tj
-33.7093 -1.3039 Td
(tant)Tj
1.7914 0 Td
(aspect)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(linked)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(enhanced)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(immersion,)Tj
4.8245 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(consequently)Tj
-32.326 -1.2983 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(improved)Tj
4.1045 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3518 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(32)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(60)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(62)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Some)Tj
2.4435 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8517 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(multimodal)Tj
4.9096 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 395.8299 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Substitute)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(multisensor)Tj
5.0245 0 Td
(y)Tj
0.7157 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
4.2095 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.978 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(environme)Tj
4.585 0 Td
(nt)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01918)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(46)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(February)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(1,)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(2018)Tj
33.7042 0 Td
(4)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
200 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
201 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
202 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
203 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
204 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
205 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
206 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
207 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
208 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
209 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
210 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
211 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
212 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
213 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
214 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
215 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
216 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
217 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
218 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
219 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
220 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
221 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
222 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
223 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
224 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
225 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
226 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
227 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
228 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
229 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(25)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
230 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 8 0 R/Annots 231 0 R/Contents 232 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
231 0 obj
[233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R]
endobj
233 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref063)>>
endobj
234 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref064)>>
endobj
235 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
236 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
237 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
238 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
239 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
240 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
241 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
242 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
243 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref009)>>
endobj
244 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
245 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
246 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
247 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
248 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
249 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
250 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
251 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
252 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref061)>>
endobj
253 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref065)>>
endobj
254 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
255 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref062)>>
endobj
256 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
257 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref052)>>
endobj
258 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref066)>>
endobj
259 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref067)>>
endobj
260 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref052)>>
endobj
261 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref053)>>
endobj
262 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref060)>>
endobj
263 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref062)>>
endobj
264 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref064)>>
endobj
265 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref066)>>
endobj
266 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref067)>>
endobj
267 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref013)>>
endobj
268 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref052)>>
endobj
269 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref065)>>
endobj
270 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref066)>>
endobj
271 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref067)>>
endobj
272 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref066)>>
endobj
273 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref067)>>
endobj
274 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref005)>>
endobj
275 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref007)>>
endobj
276 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref029)>>
endobj
277 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref031)>>
endobj
278 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref051)>>
endobj
279 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.ref056)>>
endobj
280 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 281 0 R>>
endobj
281 0 obj
<>
endobj
232 0 obj
[282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R]
endobj
282 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
328.0819 693.2976 m
337.6063 693.2976 l
h
f*
342.085 693.2976 m
351.5528 693.2976 l
h
f*
294.0661 680.315 m
303.5906 680.315 l
h
f*
308.7496 680.315 m
318.274 680.315 l
h
f*
331.4268 641.3102 m
340.9512 641.3102 l
h
f*
346.1102 641.3102 m
355.6346 641.3102 l
h
f*
361.0205 602.3055 m
370.5449 602.3055 l
h
f*
375.7039 602.3055 m
385.2283 602.3055 l
h
f*
419.6976 576.3402 m
424.4598 576.3402 l
h
f*
429.6189 576.3402 m
434.3811 576.3402 l
h
f*
549.6378 576.3402 m
554.4 576.3402 l
h
f*
494.589 511.3134 m
504.0567 511.3134 l
h
f*
509.2724 511.3134 m
518.7402 511.3134 l
h
f*
246.1606 485.348 m
255.685 485.348 l
h
f*
260.8441 485.348 m
270.3685 485.348 l
h
f*
234.4252 472.3087 m
243.9496 472.3087 l
h
f*
249.1087 472.3087 m
258.6331 472.3087 l
h
f*
419.074 459.326 m
428.5984 459.326 l
h
f*
433.7575 459.326 m
443.2819 459.326 l
h
f*
447.7606 459.326 m
457.2283 459.326 l
h
f*
461.7071 459.326 m
471.2315 459.326 l
h
f*
232.1008 361.6441 m
241.6252 361.6441 l
h
f*
246.0472 361.6441 m
255.5717 361.6441 l
h
f*
299.5087 348.6047 m
308.9764 348.6047 l
h
f*
313.4551 348.6047 m
322.9795 348.6047 l
h
f*
327.4016 348.6047 m
336.926 348.6047 l
h
f*
341.4047 348.6047 m
350.9291 348.6047 l
h
f*
447.2504 335.622 m
456.7748 335.622 l
h
f*
461.2535 335.622 m
470.7213 335.622 l
h
f*
475.2 335.622 m
484.7244 335.622 l
h
f*
489.1465 335.622 m
498.6709 335.622 l
h
f*
503.8299 335.622 m
513.3543 335.622 l
h
f*
517.8331 335.622 m
527.3008 335.622 l
h
f*
531.7795 335.622 m
541.3039 335.622 l
h
f*
457.285 296.6173 m
466.8094 296.6173 l
h
f*
471.2315 296.6173 m
480.7559 296.6173 l
h
f*
485.2346 296.6173 m
494.7591 296.6173 l
h
f*
499.1811 296.6173 m
508.7055 296.6173 l
h
f*
513.1843 296.6173 m
522.652 296.6173 l
h
f*
406.5449 270.5953 m
416.0693 270.5953 l
h
f*
379.1622 231.6472 m
388.6866 231.6472 l
h
f*
374.6268 81.9213 m
379.3323 81.9213 l
h
f*
384.548 81.9213 m
389.3102 81.9213 l
h
f*
393.6756 81.9213 m
403.2 81.9213 l
h
f*
408.3591 81.9213 m
417.8835 81.9213 l
h
f*
422.2488 81.9213 m
431.7732 81.9213 l
h
f*
436.9323 81.9213 m
446.4567 81.9213 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(input)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(enhances)Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance,)Tj
5.5729 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(memory)Tj
3.617 0 Td
(of)Tj
-34.4237 -1.3039 Td
(objects)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(63)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7405 0 Td
(64)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-13.0109 -1.2982 Td
(Witmer)Tj
3.3675 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Singer)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(suggest)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8177 0 Td
(environments)Tj
5.7939 0 Td
(\(VE\))Tj
2.16 0 Td
(depends)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(on)Tj
-36.3569 -1.2983 Td
(one's)Tj
2.2733 0 Td
(attention)Tj
3.8438 0 Td
(shifting)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(physical)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4312 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(one;)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(sharply)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(users)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(focus)Tj
-33.5506 -1.2983 Td
(their)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(attention)Tj
3.8438 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(VE)Tj
1.4853 0 Td
(partially)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(determines)Tj
4.6828 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(extent)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(become)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
(involved)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.0756 -1.3039 Td
(how)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(much)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(report)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(Similarly,)Tj
4.0309 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(suggest)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
4.6035 0 Td
(depends)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(on)Tj
-35.3534 -1.2982 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(perceiving)Tj
4.3823 0 Td
(oneself)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8369 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(able)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(interact)Tj
3.2881 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(it.)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(Fol-)Tj
-35.6085 -1.2983 Td
(lowing)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(notion,)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(would)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(occur)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(consequence)Tj
5.3348 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(allocation)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(attentional)Tj
-31.2659 -1.3039 Td
(resources;)Tj
4.2122 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
4.6091 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(involvement)Tj
5.2101 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-14.5643 -1.2983 Td
(Slater's)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(definition)Tj
4.1613 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(as')Tj
1.2302 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(degree)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(technology)Tj
4.6204 0 Td
(delivers)Tj
3.2996 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2018 0 Td
(objec-)Tj
-33.9134 -1.2983 Td
(tively)Tj
2.364 0 Td
(measurable)Tj
4.7679 0 Td
(match)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(real-world)Tj
4.3823 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(signals')Tj
3.1181 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
2.364 0 Td
(focuses)Tj
3.1125 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(9)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(In)Tj
-36.2208 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(experiments)Tj
5.1363 0 Td
(reported)Tj
3.6624 0 Td
(here,)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(deliberately)Tj
4.8416 0 Td
(reduced)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(presenting)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(increased)Tj
-33.4599 -1.2982 Td
(levels)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(cues,)Tj
2.1827 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(task-relevant)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(information.)Tj
5.3007 0 Td
(As)Tj
1.2643 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(previous)Tj
-34.0835 -1.2983 Td
(section,)Tj
3.2711 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(substitution)Tj
4.9889 0 Td
(enhances)Tj
3.9118 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(many)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(`real)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(environment')Tj
5.6466 0 Td
(applications)Tj
-31.8442 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8391 0 Td
(likely)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(enhance)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4255 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(providing)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(task-rele-)Tj
-33.8397 -1.2983 Td
(vant)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(enable)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(participant)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(interact)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(this)Tj
-33.7717 -1.2982 Td
(paper,)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(therefore)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(follow)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(definitions)Tj
4.5241 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(immersion)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(suggested)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(Witmer)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.807 -1.2983 Td
(colleagues)Tj
4.2746 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.8561 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.846 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(PQ)Tj
1.5251 0 Td
(measure,)Tj
3.804 0 Td
(designed)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(Witmer)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(col-)Tj
-33.8171 -1.3039 Td
(leagues)Tj
3.101 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(addresses)Tj
4.0139 0 Td
(issues)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(related)Tj
2.948 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(level)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(involvement)Tj
5.21 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(control,)Tj
3.3449 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(natural-)Tj
-33.4032 -1.2983 Td
(ness)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(interaction,)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(quality)Tj
2.9593 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(interface)Tj
3.6964 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
3.2088 0 Td
(61)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(65)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(All)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(aspects)Tj
-32.5698 -1.2983 Td
(directly)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(relate)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(our)Tj
1.627 0 Td
(hypothesis)Tj
4.4674 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(focused)Tj
3.2769 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(evaluation)Tj
4.3597 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0933 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(cues)Tj
-34.9963 -1.3039 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4312 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance,)Tj
5.5728 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(measure)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(seen)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(appro-)Tj
-34.2649 -1.2982 Td
(priate)Tj
2.5284 0 Td
(baseline)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(measure)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(our)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(short)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(version)Tj
3.1578 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(questionnaire.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 392.7118 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(levels)Tj
2.4898 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0677 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
3.189 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0677 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.578 0 Td
(environment)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 375.7039 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.856 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(generally)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.007 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(technologies)Tj
5.2157 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(associated)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(better)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(perfor-)Tj
-32.9893 -1.2982 Td
(mance)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(62)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(At)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(time,)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(technologies)Tj
5.2214 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(associated)Tj
4.2577 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(very)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(cost)Tj
-35.5745 -1.3039 Td
(relative)Tj
3.135 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(benefits)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(52)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3947 0 Td
(66)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(67)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(research)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(community)Tj
4.8869 0 Td
(`fidelity')Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(understood)Tj
4.8189 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
-37.0089 -1.2983 Td
(degree)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(similarity)Tj
4.0081 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(simulated)Tj
4.1216 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(52)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7405 0 Td
(53)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(60)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3947 0 Td
(62)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(64)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.8686 0 Td
(66)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(67)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-33.1764 -1.2983 Td
(Empirical)Tj
4.1328 0 Td
(research)Tj
3.5547 0 Td
(investigating)Tj
5.3234 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(quantifiable)Tj
4.9663 0 Td
(benefits)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(technologies)Tj
5.2158 0 Td
(sug-)Tj
-35.5519 -1.3039 Td
(gests)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(rather)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(enhancing)Tj
4.405 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(set)Tj
1.3039 0 Td
(up,)Tj
1.491 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(enhancement)Tj
5.6409 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(indi-)Tj
-34.9509 -1.2982 Td
(vidual)Tj
2.6758 0 Td
(components)Tj
5.1761 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(beneficial)Tj
4.0478 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(52)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(65)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(66)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(67)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(This)Tj
-33.0517 -1.2983 Td
(implies)Tj
3.118 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4741 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4311 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(important)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(factor)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(for)Tj
-35.4895 -1.3039 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(performance.)Tj
5.5729 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.77 0 Td
(McMahan)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(66)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(empirical)Tj
3.9912 0 Td
(evidence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.07 -1.2983 Td
(benefits)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(technologies,)Tj
5.4425 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(object)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(manipulation)Tj
5.6352 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(suc-)Tj
-35.7163 -1.2983 Td
(cessfully)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(performed)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(lower)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(technologies,)Tj
5.4481 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(less)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(costly)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(displays,)Tj
3.617 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(no)Tj
-35.2514 -1.2982 Td
(loss)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(efficiency.)Tj
4.2519 0 Td
(Similarly,)Tj
4.0252 0 Td
(Dahlstrom)Tj
4.524 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(67)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(level)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(simulator)Tj
4.0478 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
-33.5676 -1.3039 Td
(has)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(little)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(skill)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(transfer.)Tj
3.5377 0 Td
(They)Tj
2.2336 0 Td
(suggested)Tj
4.0706 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(lower)Tj
2.4492 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(simulation)Tj
4.49 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(reduce)Tj
-34.8999 -1.2983 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(enhance)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(focus)Tj
2.3244 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(training)Tj
3.4243 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(complement)Tj
5.244 0 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(fidelity)Tj
-33.8794 -1.2983 Td
(simulations.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 164.9763 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Summary)Tj
4.2756 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0677 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.7166 0 Td
(aims)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 148.0251 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(study,)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(task-relevant)Tj
5.3574 0 Td
(multisensory)Tj
5.4085 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(represent)Tj
3.9572 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(not)Tj
-36.0678 -1.3039 Td
(available)Tj
3.668 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(conventional)Tj
5.4254 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(simulations.)Tj
5.0853 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(term)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(`substitute)Tj
4.3143 0 Td
(cues')Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(describe)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(these)Tj
-34.6051 -1.2982 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(signals.)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(presented)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(alternative)Tj
4.4164 0 Td
(modalities)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(cues)Tj
-35.6482 -1.2983 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(would)Tj
2.7156 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(occur)Tj
2.4717 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0319 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(environments.)Tj
6.0207 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(examine)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(available)Tj
3.6681 0 Td
(substituting)Tj
-31.1072 -1.3039 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(improves)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3518 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(users')Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(experience,)Tj
4.7282 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(particular)Tj
-33.5619 -1.2983 Td
(their)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(sense)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4255 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.245 0 Td
(29)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.8573 0 Td
(51)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(56)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(hypothesize)Tj
4.9323 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 395.8299 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Substitute)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(multisensor)Tj
5.0245 0 Td
(y)Tj
0.7157 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
4.2095 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.978 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(environme)Tj
4.585 0 Td
(nt)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01918)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(46)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(February)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(1,)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(2018)Tj
33.7042 0 Td
(5)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
283 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
284 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
285 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
286 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
287 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
288 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
289 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
290 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
291 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
292 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
293 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
294 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
295 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
296 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
297 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
298 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
299 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
300 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
301 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
302 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(25)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
303 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 8 0 R/Annots 305 0 R/Contents 306 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
305 0 obj
[307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R]
endobj
307 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.s006)>>
endobj
308 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0191846.g001)>>
endobj
309 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 310 0 R>>
endobj
310 0 obj
<>
endobj
306 0 obj
[311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R]
endobj
311 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
478.3748 551.1685 m
514.3181 551.1685 l
h
f*
228.6425 185.8961 m
248.2016 185.8961 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9503 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(perceived)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(distraction;)Tj
4.7508 0 Td
(instead)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(cueing)Tj
2.88 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(facilitate)Tj
-32.893 -1.3039 Td
(task)Tj
1.8084 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3462 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9083 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(experience)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(users.)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(examine)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
-33.2955 -1.2982 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(\(audio,)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(tactile,)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(visual\))Tj
2.8517 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(most)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(effective)Tj
3.5092 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1613 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3517 0 Td
(mea-)Tj
-34.2649 -1.2983 Td
(sures.)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(Additionally,)Tj
5.4538 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(examine)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.7631 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(modes)Tj
2.863 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(\(multisensory,)Tj
5.9697 0 Td
(bimodal,)Tj
-32.4791 -1.2983 Td
(unimodal\))Tj
4.439 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(users)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(performance.)Tj
5.5729 0 Td
(Furthermore,)Tj
5.6125 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3323 0 Td
(establish)Tj
3.6453 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(relationship)Tj
4.9889 0 Td
(between)Tj
-33.2558 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(users')Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(subjective)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(experience)Tj
4.507 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(objective)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(performance)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(exists.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 613.2472 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Methods)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
0 -1.4976 Td
(Participants)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 578.2677 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(approved)Tj
3.9741 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(University)Tj
4.4051 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Liverpool's)Tj
4.6261 0 Td
(Institute)Tj
3.5829 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Psychology)Tj
4.7282 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.0473 -1.2982 Td
(Health)Tj
2.9139 0 Td
(Sciences)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(Ethics)Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(Committee)Tj
4.7395 0 Td
(\(PSYC-1112049A\).)Tj
8.3395 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(individual)Tj
4.286 0 Td
(portrayed)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
-36.1698 -1.3039 Td
(pictures)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(manuscript)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(individual)Tj
4.2916 0 Td
(appearing)Tj
4.1952 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(video)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(S1)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(Video)Tj
0 g
(\))Tj
2.9821 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(given)Tj
-34.0495 -1.2983 Td
(their)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(written)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(informed)Tj
3.9741 0 Td
(consent)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(\(as)Tj
1.355 0 Td
(outlined)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0319 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(consent)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(form\))Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(publish)Tj
3.1748 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(case)Tj
-33.3465 -1.2983 Td
(details.)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(Seventeen)Tj
4.2349 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(recruited)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(via)Tj
1.3776 0 Td
(opportunity)Tj
5.0343 0 Td
(sampling)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(\(12)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(male,)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(5)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(female,)Tj
-33.0404 -1.3039 Td
(aged)Tj
2.0692 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(18)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(48,)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(M)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(26.7,)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(SD)Tj
1.4287 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.805 0 Td
(12.4\).)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(All)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.955 0 Td
(gave)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(informed)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(consent)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.2309 -1.2982 Td
(reported)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(normal)Tj
3.1465 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(corrected-to-normal)Tj
8.4245 0 Td
(vision)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(normal)Tj
3.1464 0 Td
(hearing.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 471.1181 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Apparatus)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 454.1102 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(experiment)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Virtual)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(Engineering)Tj
5.1194 0 Td
(Centre)Tj
2.948 0 Td
(\(VEC\))Tj
2.829 0 Td
(facility)Tj
2.8969 0 Td
(located)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
-36.0734 -1.2982 Td
(Science)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(Technologies)Tj
5.5218 0 Td
(Facilities)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(Council)Tj
3.3959 0 Td
(\(STFC\))Tj
3.1691 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(Daresbury,)Tj
4.6261 0 Td
(UK.)Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(task)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6894 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(interact)Tj
-34.5314 -1.2983 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(environment)Tj
5.4255 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(holding)Tj
3.3108 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(pneumatic)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
(tool)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(\(impact)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(wrench\))Tj
3.5376 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(perform)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.0394 -1.3039 Td
(wheel)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(change)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(racing)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(car)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(whilst)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(substitute)Tj
4.0876 0 Td
(cues,)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(presented)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(form)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(visual,)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(tac-)Tj
-35.9487 -1.2983 Td
(tile)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(audio)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(feedback,)Tj
3.9742 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(additional)Tj
4.2746 0 Td
(task-relevant)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(information.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 372.9826 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Virtual)Tj
3.2456 0 Td
(reality)Tj
2.8914 0 Td
(set)Tj
1.3748 0 Td
(up)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 355.9748 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(reality)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(set)Tj
1.3039 0 Td
(up)Tj
1.2643 0 Td
(consisted)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(planar)Tj
2.7722 0 Td
(display)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(screen)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(6m)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(2.1m)Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(height,)Tj
-34.3216 -1.2982 Td
(behind)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(active)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(stereo)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(projectors)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(create)Tj
2.5908 0 Td
(3390)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(x)Tj
0.686 0 Td
(1200)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(resolution)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(images)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.4079 -1.2983 Td
(rate)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(120Hz.)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(3D)Tj
1.4286 0 Td
(stereo)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(images)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(produced)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(NVIDIA)Tj
3.7473 0 Td
(Quadro)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(K6000)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(GPU.)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(Partic-)Tj
-34.8885 -1.2982 Td
(ipants)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(wore)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(wireless)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(LCD)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(shutter)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(glasses)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(synchronized)Tj
5.5955 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(projectors)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(provide)Tj
-34.5087 -1.304 Td
(stereoscopic)Tj
5.1023 0 Td
(images.)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(16)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(high-spec)Tj
4.0818 0 Td
(infrared)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(cameras)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(\(VICON)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(Bonita)Tj
2.8517 0 Td
(B10)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(250)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(fps)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(capture)Tj
-33.8908 -1.2982 Td
(speed,)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(motion)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(resolution)Tj
4.2802 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(0.5mm)Tj
3.0388 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(translation)Tj
4.5297 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(0.5)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(degrees)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(rotation)Tj
3.4526 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(4m)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(x)Tj
0.686 0 Td
(4m)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(vol-)Tj
-35.9544 -1.2983 Td
(ume)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(9mm)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(markers\))Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(track)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(object)Tj
2.6305 0 Td
(motion)Tj
3.1692 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(environment.)Tj
5.658 0 Td
(Position)Tj
-33.5053 -1.3039 Td
(data,)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(computed)Tj
4.2632 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(VICON)Tj
3.4015 0 Td
(Tracker)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(software,)Tj
3.8098 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(broadcast)Tj
4.0818 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(real-time)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(across)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(internal)Tj
-34.1742 -1.2983 Td
(network)Tj
3.5432 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(VRPN)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(protocol)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(rate)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(200Hz)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(update)Tj
2.9423 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(environment.)Tj
-32.156 -1.2982 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(following)Tj
3.9798 0 Td
(objects)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1204 0 Td
(tracked)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(order)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(required)Tj
3.6397 0 Td
(interaction)Tj
4.6091 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(vir-)Tj
-35.841 -1.304 Td
(tual)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(immersive)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(environment:)Tj
5.6579 0 Td
(LCD)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(shutter)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(glasses)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(\(for)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(head)Tj
2.1317 0 Td
(tracking)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(POV)Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(adjustment\),)Tj
-31.1979 -1.2982 Td
(haptic)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(gloves)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(subject's)Tj
3.5944 0 Td
(hands)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(\(to)Tj
1.3662 0 Td
(drive)Tj
2.2621 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(subjects')Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(hands\))Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.9821 0 Td
(wrench)Tj
-33.5053 -1.2983 Td
(\(PLC)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(Prestige)Tj
3.3902 0 Td
(1/2,)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(weight)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(1.3kg,)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(15.2cm)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(long\),)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(tool)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(remove)Tj
3.2202 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(bolts)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.1323 -1.3039 Td
(wheel)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
-3.1464 -1.2983 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(wheel)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(change)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(simulation)Tj
4.4957 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(designed)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(3DVia)Tj
2.8289 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(running)Tj
3.4979 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(constant)Tj
-33.2388 -1.2982 Td
(speed)Tj
2.4717 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(75fps)Tj
2.3358 0 Td
(across)Tj
2.6815 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(combinations)Tj
5.709 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(cues)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(ensure)Tj
2.8743 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(accurate)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(recording)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(in)Tj
-36.5496 -1.2983 Td
(all)Tj
1.1451 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(conditions.)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(simulation)Tj
4.4957 0 Td
(consisted)Tj
3.9345 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(racing)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(car)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(was)Tj
-34.7865 -1.3039 Td
(positioned)Tj
4.4446 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(stand)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(middle)Tj
3.033 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(screen.)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(scene)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(contained)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(stands)Tj
-34.4577 -1.2983 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(positioned)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(68cm)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(x)Tj
0.6803 0 Td
(direction,)Tj
4.0819 0 Td
(14cm)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(y)Tj
0.6746 0 Td
(direction)Tj
3.8494 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(8cm)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(z)Tj
0.635 0 Td
(direction)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.2627 -1.2982 Td
(centre)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(point)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(wheel)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(virtual)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(car.)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(stand)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(right)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(side)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(car)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(held)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.0608 -1.304 Td
(spare)Tj
2.3243 0 Td
(tyre)Tj
1.7689 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(stand)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(left)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(side)Tj
1.7972 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(car)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(free)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(put)Tj
1.5647 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(car)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(tyre)Tj
-34.9112 -1.2982 Td
(on.)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(order)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(pick)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(wheel)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(up)Tj
1.2643 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(stand)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(directly)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(front)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(wheel,)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(thus)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 395.8299 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Substitute)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(multisensor)Tj
5.0245 0 Td
(y)Tj
0.7157 0 Td
(feedback)Tj
4.2095 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.978 0 Td
(VR)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(environme)Tj
4.585 0 Td
(nt)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01918)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(46)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(February)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(1,)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(2018)Tj
33.7042 0 Td
(6)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
312 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
313 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
314 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
315 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
316 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
317 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(25)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
318 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 8 0 R/Annots 322 0 R/Contents 323 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
320 0 obj
<>stream
x$uO>p H
\JVJZi[Ih;1wywU6AJ"}ύ7+:z IX- 3ss3ɬO7ѿGwxt݁Gwxtە[o_ݸWg5pLXO'^|cb6X?PFޔE
eᷱȥXlЛQ3Raj̜+ɫ5lz.օ+[e&˲.,ơ?ETtPj"ߟ%`&;
>TLzʗW\F6llFXO.g*tכʼn0'yzcP+
FFq
WTF.֝v#)bٸY.~_LUt;5مx_ ɉLt(JGzQ}3čt/JH,2:u̧c|d̓u3T+':v92r)6v9>NbJrjr` gpr)]2jp#xCLy5^"<9tybKco;<u<;<;<;<]oM[7w