Hepojoki, Jussi, Hepojoki, Satu, Smura, Teemu, Szirovicza, Leonora, Dervas, Eva, Prahauser, Barbara, Nufer, Lisbeth, Schraner, Elisabeth M, Vapalahti, Olli, Kipar, Anja 
ORCID: 0000-0001-7289-3459 et al (show 1 more authors)
(2018)
Characterization of Haartman Institute snake virus-1 (HISV-1) and HISV-like viruses-The representatives of genus <i>Hartmanivirus</i>, family <i>Arenaviridae</i>.
PLOS PATHOGENS, 14 (11).
e1007415-.
Abstract
The family Arenaviridae comprises three genera, Mammarenavirus, Reptarenavirus and the most recently added Hartmanivirus. Arenaviruses have a bisegmented genome with ambisense coding strategy. For mammarenaviruses and reptarenaviruses the L segment encodes the Z protein (ZP) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the S segment encodes the glycoprotein precursor and the nucleoprotein. Herein we report the full length genome and characterization of Haartman Institute snake virus-1 (HISV-1), the putative type species of hartmaniviruses. The L segment of HISV-1 lacks an open-reading frame for ZP, and our analysis of purified HISV-1 particles by SDS-PAGE and electron microscopy further support the lack of ZP. Since we originally identified HISV-1 in co-infection with a reptarenavirus, one could hypothesize that co-infecting reptarenavirus provides the ZP to complement HISV-1. However, we observed that co-infection does not markedly affect the amount of hartmanivirus or reptarenavirus RNA released from infected cells in vitro, indicating that HISV-1 does not benefit from reptarenavirus ZP. Furthermore, we succeeded in generating a pure HISV-1 isolate showing the virus to replicate without ZP. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies demonstrate that, unlike reptarenaviruses, HISV-1 does not produce the intracellular inclusion bodies typical for the reptarenavirus-induced boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). While we observed HISV-1 to be slightly cytopathic for cultured boid cells, the histological and immunohistological investigation of HISV-positive snakes showed no evidence of a pathological effect. The histological analyses also revealed that hartmaniviruses, unlike reptarenaviruses, have a limited tissue tropism. By nucleic acid sequencing, de novo genome assembly, and phylogenetic analyses we identified additional four hartmanivirus species. Finally, we screened 71 individuals from a collection of snakes with BIBD by RT-PCR and found 44 to carry hartmaniviruses. These findings suggest that harmaniviruses are common in captive snake populations, but their relevance and pathogenic potential needs yet to be revealed.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Cell Line, Inclusion Bodies, Viral, Animals, Boidae, Arenaviridae, Arenavirus, Arenaviridae Infections, Viral Proteins, RNA, Viral, Phylogeny, Base Sequence, RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase |
| Depositing User: | Symplectic Admin |
| Date Deposited: | 07 Feb 2020 11:18 |
| Last Modified: | 10 Oct 2023 09:15 |
| DOI: | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007415 |
| Open Access URL: | http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007415 |
| Related URLs: | |
| URI: | https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3073949 |
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