Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan



Khan, Rukhsana, Waqas, Ahmed ORCID: 0000-0002-3772-194X, Mustehsan, Zille Huma, Khan, Amna Saeed, Sikander, Siham, Ahmad, Ikhlaq, Jamil, Anam, Sharif, Maria, Bilal, Samina, Zulfiqar, Shafaq
et al (show 2 more authors) (2021) Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12.

WarningThere is a more recent version of this item available.
Access the full-text of this item by clicking on the Open Access link.

Abstract

<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:</jats:bold> To determine the prevalence and association of prenatal depression with socioeconomic, demographic and personal factors among pregnant women living in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:</jats:bold> Five hundred women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living in Kallar Syedan, a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were included in the study. Depression was assessed using “Patient health questionnaire” (PHQ9) in Urdu, with a cut-off score of 10. Multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was used to assess perceived social support. Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) were used to measure stressful life events in past 1 year. Tool to assess intimate partner violence (IPV) was based on WHO Multi Country Study on “Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women.”</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:</jats:bold> Prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%. Number of pregnancies was significantly associated with prenatal depression (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Women living in a joint family and those who perceived themselves as moderately satisfied or not satisfied with their life in the next 4 years were found to be depressed (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01, OR 6.9, CI 1.77–26.73). Depressive symptomatology in women who experienced more than five stressful life events in last 1 year was three times higher (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001, OR 3.2, CI 1.68–5.98) than in women with 1–2 stressful events. Women who were supported by their significant others or their family members had 0.9 times (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01, OR 0.9, CI 0.85–0.96) less chance of getting depressed. Pregnant women who were psychologically abused by their partners were 1.5 times more depressed (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 CI 1.12–2.51). Odds of having depression was also high in women who had less mean score of MSSI (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05, OR 1.1, CI 1.01–1.09). Women who had suitable accommodation had 0.5 times less chance of having depression than others (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05, OR 0.5, CI 0.27–0.92).</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:</jats:bold> Over a quarter of the women in the study population reported prenatal depression, which were predicted predominantly by psychosocial variables.</jats:p>

Item Type: Article
Divisions: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences > Institute of Population Health
Depositing User: Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited: 29 Sep 2021 13:19
Last Modified: 18 Jan 2023 21:27
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.584287
Open Access URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.584287
URI: https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3138697

Available Versions of this Item