Pengid, Supa, Peltzer, Karl, Villela, Edlaine Faria de Moura, Fodjo, Joseph Nelson Siewe, Siau, Ching Sin, Chen, Won Sun, Bono, Suzanna A, Jayasvasti, Isareethika, Hasan, M Tasdik 
ORCID: 0000-0002-3256-093X, Wanyenze, Rhoda K et al (show 5 more authors)
(2022)
Using Andersen's model of health care utilization to assess factors associated with COVID-19 testing among adults in nine low-and middle-income countries: an online survey.
BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, 22 (1).
265-.
Abstract
<h4>Background</h4>This study aimed to investigate, using Andersen's model of health care utilization, factors associated with COVID-19 testing among adults in nine low- and middle- income countries.<h4>Methods</h4>In between 10 December 2020 and 9 February 2021, an online survey was organized in nine low- and middle-income countries. In total 10,183 adults (median age 45 years, interquartile range 33-57 years, range 18-93 years), including 6470 from Brazil, 1738 Malaysia, 1124 Thailand, 230 Bangladesh, 219 DR Congo, 159 Benin, 107 Uganda, 81 Malawi and 55 from Mali participated in the study. COVID-19 testing/infection status was assessed by self-report.<h4>Results</h4>Of the 10,183 participants, 40.3% had ever tested for COVID-19, 7.3% tested positive, and 33.0% tested negative. In an adjusted logistic regression model, predisposing factors (residing in Brazil, postgraduate education), enabling/disabling factors (urban residence, higher perceived economic status, being a student or worker in the health care sector, and moderate or severe psychological distress), and need factors (having at least one chronic condition) increased the odds of COVID-19 testing. Among those who were tested, participants residing in Bangladesh, those who had moderate to severe psychological distress were positively associated with COVID-19 positive diagnosis. Participants who are residing in Malaysia and Thailand, and those who had higher education were negatively associated with a COVID-19 positive diagnosis. Considering all participants, higher perceived economic status, being a student or worker in the health sector, and moderate or severe psychological distress were positively associated with a COVID-19 positive diagnosis, and residing in Malaysia, Thailand or five African countries was negatively associated with a COVID-19 positive diagnosis.<h4>Conclusion</h4>A high rate of COVID-19 testing among adults was reported in nine low-and middle-income countries. However, access to testing needs to be increased in Africa. Moreover, COVID-19 testing programmes need to target persons of lower economic status and education level who are less tested but most at risk for COVID-19 infection.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | COVID-19, testing, adults, LMICs |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences > Institute of Population Health |
| Depositing User: | Symplectic Admin |
| Date Deposited: | 27 Jun 2022 09:04 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Jan 2023 20:57 |
| DOI: | 10.1186/s12913-022-07661-8 |
| Open Access URL: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07661-8 |
| Related URLs: | |
| URI: | https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3157295 |
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