Extracellular Vesicles, Cell-Penetrating Peptides and miRNAs as Future Novel Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease

Keighron, Cameron Noah, Avazzadeh, Sahar, Goljanek-Whysall, Katarzyna ORCID: 0000-0001-8166-8800, McDonagh, Brian, Howard, Linda, Ritter, Thomas and Quinlan, Leo RR (2023) Extracellular Vesicles, Cell-Penetrating Peptides and miRNAs as Future Novel Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMEDICINES, 11 (3). 728-.

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030728

Abstract

Neurodegeneration is hallmarked by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and/or a significant increase in protein aggregates in the brain. Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide with over 15 million people currently suffering from either Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). PD is often characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms, including muscle rigidity, tremors and bradykinesia, with AD displaying symptoms of confusion and dementia. The current mainstay of therapeutics includes pharmacological approaches such as levodopa to replace dopamine in PD patients, deep brain stimulation in affected regions of the brain and physical therapy. However, these treatments are typically not disease-modifying, though they do help at least for some time with symptom management. These treatments often also fail due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. There is a need to develop new strategies to target neurodegeneration in an ever-ageing population. First, we review the current PD and AD treatments and their limitations. Second, we review the current use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and miRNAs as neuroprotective agents. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exploiting these as a combinatory therapeutic, alongside some potential drawbacks.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, neurodegeneration, extracellular vesicles, microRNA, cell-penetrating peptides
Divisions:	Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences > Institute of Life Courses and Medical Sciences
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	17 May 2023 14:08
Last Modified:	17 May 2023 14:09
DOI:	10.3390/biomedicines11030728
Open Access URL:	https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030728
Related URLs:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3170448