Diet composition and energy intake in humans.

James Stubbs, R, Horgan, Graham, Robinson, Eric ORCID: 0000-0003-3586-5533, Hopkins, Mark, Dakin, Clarissa and Finlayson, Graham (2023) Diet composition and energy intake in humans. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 378 (1888). p. 20220449.

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0449

Abstract

Absolute energy from fats and carbohydrates and the proportion of carbohydrates in the food supply have increased over 50 years. Dietary energy density (ED) is primarily decreased by the water and increased by the fat content of foods. Protein, carbohydrates and fat exert different effects on satiety or energy intake (EI) in the order protein > carbohydrates > fat. When the ED of different foods is equalized the differences between fat and carbohydrates are modest. Covertly increasing dietary ED with fat, carbohydrate or mixed macronutrients elevates EI, producing weight gain and vice versa. In more naturalistic situations where learning cues are intact, there appears to be greater compensation for the different ED of foods. There is considerable individual variability in response. Macronutrient-specific negative feedback models of EI regulation have limited capacity to explain how availability of cheap, highly palatable, readily assimilated, energy-dense foods lead to obesity in modern environments. Neuropsychological constructs including food reward (liking, wanting and learning), reactive and reflective decision making, in the context of asymmetric energy balance regulation, give more comprehensive explanations of how environmental superabundance of foods containing mixtures of readily assimilated fats and carbohydrates and caloric beverages elevate EI through combined hedonic, affective, cognitive and physiological mechanisms. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)'.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	macronutrients, energy intake, energy density, energy balance regulation, obesity, hedonics
Divisions:	Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences > Institute of Population Health
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	18 Sep 2023 09:17
Last Modified:	18 Oct 2023 19:25
DOI:	10.1098/rstb.2022.0449
Related URLs:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3172846