Frequency regulation of multi-area power systems with plug-in electric vehicles considering communication delays

Fan, H, Jiang, L ORCID: 0000-0001-6531-2791, Zhang, C-K and Mao, C (2016) Frequency regulation of multi-area power systems with plug-in electric vehicles considering communication delays. IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION, 10 (14). pp. 3481-3491.

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Abstract

Dynamics of vehicle-to-grid service to frequency regulation may suffer from the uncertainties arising from the spatial and temporal diversities of the large-scale plug-in vehicles (PEVs). Communication delays incurred both in the aggregation of the PEVs and in load frequency control (LFC) loop also degrade the dynamics and even destabilise the system. This study designs the LFC scheme considering those uncertainties. First, a dynamic model of individual PEV based on equivalent circuit and an aggregated model for PEVs group considering driving behaviours, battery characteristics, and delays are developed. Then, a state-space model with time delays and uncertainties is constructed to model the closed-loop LFC scheme with PEVs in primary control loop. After constructing the relationships among control gains, robust performances, and delays, a robust proportional-integral-derivative-type LFC scheme design method is developed by using linear matrix inequality and particle swarm optimisation algorithm. Case studies based on a three-area LFC system demonstrate that the PEVs contribute to the frequency regulation under different load disturbances and that the proposed LFC scheme successfully suppresses frequency fluctuations in the presence of delays and provides robustness against the uncertainties arising from the PEVs.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	frequency control, electric vehicles, load regulation, closed loop systems, equivalent circuits, state-space methods, delays, three-term control, linear matrix inequalities, particle swarm optimisation, frequency regulation, multiarea power system, plug-in electric vehicle, communication delay, vehicle-to-grid service, PEV, load frequency control, closed-loop system, Thevenin equivalent circuit, battery characteristic, state-space model, time delay, robust proportional-integral-derivative-type LFC scheme design, linear matrix inequality technique, particle swarm optimisation algorithm, long-term random load demand, frequency fluctuation suppression
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	13 Feb 2017 10:45
Last Modified:	19 Jan 2023 07:19
DOI:	10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0108
Related URLs:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3005740