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Polimanti, Renato, Peterson, Roseann E, Ong, Jue-Sheng, MacGregor, Stuart, Edwards, Alexis C, Clarke, Toni-Kim, Frank, Josef, Gerring, Zachary, Gillespie, Nathan A, Lind, Penelope A et al (show 362 more authors) , Maes, Hermine H, Martin, Nicholas G, Mbarek, Hamdi, Medland, Sarah E, Streit, Fabian, Agrawal, Arpana, Edenberg, Howard J, Kendler, Kenneth S, Lewis, Cathryn M, Sullivan, Patrick F, Wray, Naomi R, Gelernter, Joel, Derks, Eske M, Agee, Michelle, Alipanahi, Babak, Auton, Adam, Bell, Robert K, Bryc, Katarzyna, Elson, Sarah L, Fontanillas, Pierre, Furlotte, Nicholas A, Hinds, David A, Huber, Karen E, Kleinman, Aaron, Litterman, Nadia K, McIntyre, Matthew H, Mountain, Joanna L, Noblin, Elizabeth S, Northover, Carrie AM, Pitts, Steven J, Sathirapongsasuti, J Fah, Sazonova, Olga V, Shelton, Janie F, Shringarpure, Suyash, Tian, Chao, Tung, Joyce Y, Vacic, Vladimir, Wilson, Catherine H, Ripke, Stephan, Mattheisen, Manuel, Trzaskowski, Maciej, Byrne, Enda M, Abdellaoui, Abdel, Adams, Mark J, Agerbo, Esben, Air, Tracy M, Andlauer, Till MF, Bacanu, Silviu-Alin, Baekvad-Hansen, Marie, Beekman, Aartjan FT, Bigdeli, Tim B, Binder, Elisabeth B, Blackwood, Douglas RH, Bryois, Julien, Buttenschon, Henriette N, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Cai, Na, Castelao, Enrique, Christensen, Jane Hvarregaard, Coleman, Jonathan IR, Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Couvy-Duchesne, Baptiste, Craddock, Nick, Crawford, Gregory E, Crowley, Cheynna A, Dashti, Hassan S, Davies, Gail, Deary, Ian J, Degenhardt, Franziska, Direk, Nese, Dolan, Conor V, Dunn, Erin C, Eley, Thalia C, Eriksson, Nicholas, Escott-Price, Valentina, Kiadeh, Farnush Hassan Farhadi, Finucane, Hilary K, Forstner, Andreas J, Gaspar, Helena A, Gill, Michael, Giusti-Rodriguez, Paola, Goes, Fernando S, Gordon, Scott D, Grove, Jakob, Hall, Lynsey S, Hannon, Eilis, Hansen, Christine Soholm, Hansen, Thomas F, Herms, Stefan, Hickie, Ian B, Hoffmann, Per, Homuth, Georg, Horn, Carsten, Hottenga, Jouke-Jan, Hougaard, David M, Hu, Ming, Hyde, Craig L, Ising, Marcus, Jansen, Rick, Jin, Fulai, Jorgenson, Eric, Knowles, James A, Kohane, Isaac S, Kraft, Julia, Kretzschmar, Warren W, Krogh, Jesper, Kutalik, Zoltan, Lane, Jacqueline M, Li, Yihan, Li, Yun, Liu, Xiaoxiao, Lu, Leina, MacIntyre, Donald J, MacKinnon, Dean F, Maier, Robert M, Maier, Wolfgang, Marchini, Jonathan, McGrath, Patrick, McGuffin, Peter, Mehta, Divya, Middeldorp, Christel M, Mihailov, Evelin, Milaneschi, Yuri, Milani, Lili, Mill, Jonathan, Mondimore, Francis M, Montgomery, Grant W, Mostafavi, Sara, Mullins, Niamh, Nauck, Matthias, Ng, Bernard, Nivard, Michel G, Nyholt, Dale R, O'Reilly, Paul F, Oskarsson, Hogni, Owen, Michael J, Painter, Jodie N, Pedersen, Carsten Bocker, Pedersen, Marianne Giortz, Pettersson, Erik, Peyrot, Wouter J, Pistis, Giorgio, Posthuma, Danielle, Purcell, Shaun M, Quiroz, Jorge A, Qvist, Per, Rice, John P, Riley, Brien P, Rivera, Margarita, Mirza, Saira Saeed, Saxena, Richa, Schoevers, Robert, Schulte, Eva C, Shen, Ling, Shi, Jianxin, Shyn, Stanley I, Sigurdsson, Engilbert, Sinnamon, Grant BC, Smit, Johannes H, Smith, Daniel J, Stefansson, Hreinn, Steinberg, Stacy, Stockmeier, Craig A, Strohmaier, Jana, Tansey, Katherine E, Teismann, Henning, Teumer, Alexander, Thompson, Wesley, Thomson, Pippa A, Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E, Traylor, Matthew, Treutlein, Jens, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Uitterlinden, Andre G, Umbricht, Daniel, Van der Auwera, Sandra, van Hemert, Albert M, Viktorin, Alexander, Visscher, Peter M, Wang, Yunpeng, Webb, Bradley T, Weinsheimer, Shantel Marie, Wellmann, Jurgen, Willemsen, Gonneke, Witt, Stephanie H, Wu, Yang, Xi, Hualin S, Yang, Jian, Zhang, Futao, Arolt, Volker, Baune, Bernhard T, Berger, Klaus, Boomsma, Dorret I, Cichon, Sven, Dannlowski, Udo, de Geus, ECJ, DePaulo, J Raymond, Domenici, Enrico, Domschke, Katharina, Esko, Tonu, Grabe, Hans J, Hamilton, Steven P, Hayward, Caroline, Heath, Andrew C, Kloiber, Stefan, Lewis, Glyn, Li, Qingqin S, Lucae, Susanne, Madden, Pamela FA, Magnusson, Patrik K, McIntosh, Andrew M, Metspalu, Andres, Mors, Ole, Mortensen, Preben Bo, Mueller-Myhsok, Bertram 
ORCID: 0000-0002-0719-101X, Nordentoft, Merete, Nothen, Markus M, O'Donovan, Michael C, Paciga, Sara A, Pedersen, Nancy L, Penninx, Brenda WJH, Perlis, Roy H, Porteous, David J, Potash, James B, Preisig, Martin, Rietschel, Marcella, Schaefer, Catherine, Schulze, Thomas G, Smoller, Jordan W, Stefansson, Kari, Tiemeier, Henning, Uher, Rudolf, Volzke, Henry, Weissman, Myrna M, Werge, Thomas, Winslow, Ashley R, Levinson, Douglas F, Breen, Gerome, Borglum, Anders D, Walters, Raymond K, Johnson, Emma C, McClintick, Jeanette N, Adkins, Amy E, Aliev, Fazil, Batzler, Anthony, Bertelsen, Sarah, Biernacka, Joanna M, Chen, Li-Shiun, Chou, Yi-Ling, Docherty, Anna R, Foo, Jerome C, Fox, Louis, Giegling, Ina, Gordon, Scott, Hack, Laura M, Hartmann, Annette M, Hartz, Sarah M, Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie, Hodgkinson, Colin, Hottenga, Jouke Jan, Kennedy, Martin A, Alanne-Kinnunen, Mervi, Konte, Bettina, Lahti, Jari, Lahti-Pulkkinen, Marius, Lai, Dongbing, Ligthart, Lannie, Loukola, Anu, Maher, Brion S, McQueen, Matthew B, Meyers, Jacquelyn L, Palviainen, Teemu, Pearson, John F, Ripatti, Samuli, Ryu, Euijung, Saccone, Nancy L, Salvatore, Jessica E, Sanchez-Roige, Sandra, Schwandt, Melanie, Sherva, Richard, Thomas, Nathaniel, Wang, Jen-Chyong, Wedow, Robbee, Wetherill, Leah, Wills, Amanda G, Boardman, Jason D, Chen, Danfeng, Choi, Doo-Sup, Copeland, William E, Culverhouse, Robert C, Dahmen, Norbert, Degenhardt, Louisa, Domingue, Benjamin W, Frye, Mark A, Gabel, Wolfgang, Keyes, Margaret, Kiefer, Falk, Kramer, John, Kuperman, Samuel, Lynskey, Michael T, Mann, Karl, Mannisto, Satu, Murray, Alison D, Nurnberger, John I, Palotie, Aarno, Preuss, Ulrich, Raikkonen, Katri, Reynolds, Maureen D, Ridinger, Monika, Scherbaum, Norbert, Schuckit, Marc A, Soyka, Michael, Witt, Stephanie, Wodarz, Norbert, Zill, Peter, Adkins, Daniel E, Boden, Joseph M, Bierut, Laura J, Brown, Sandra A, Bucholz, Kathleen K, Costello, E Jane, de Wit, Harriet, Diazgranados, Nancy, Dick, Danielle M, Eriksson, Johan G, Farrer, Lindsay A, Foroud, Tatiana M, Goate, Alison M, Goldman, David, Grucza, Richard A, Hancock, Dana B, Harris, Kathleen Mullan, Hesselbrock, Victor, Hewitt, John K, Hopfer, Christian J, Horwood, John, Iacono, William, Johnson, Eric O, Kaprio, Jaakko A, Karpyak, Victor M, Kranzler, Henry R, Krauter, Kenneth, Lichtenstein, Paul, McGue, Matt, MacKillop, James, Madden, Pamela AF, Magnusson, Patrik, Nelson, Elliot C, Palmer, Abraham A, Porjesz, Bernice, Rose, Richard, Rujescu, Dan, Shen, Pei-Hong, Silberg, Judy, Stallings, Michael C, Tarter, Ralph E, Vanyukov, Michael M, Vrieze, Scott, Wall, Tamara L, Whitfield, John B, Zhao, Hongyu and Neale, Benjamin M
(2019)
Evidence of causal effect of major depression on alcohol dependence: findings from the psychiatric genomics consortium.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE, 49 (7).
pp. 1218-1226.
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Abstract
<h4>Background</h4>Despite established clinical associations among major depression (MD), alcohol dependence (AD), and alcohol consumption (AC), the nature of the causal relationship between them is not completely understood. We leveraged genome-wide data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and UK Biobank to test for the presence of shared genetic mechanisms and causal relationships among MD, AD, and AC.<h4>Methods</h4>Linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomization (MR) were performed using genome-wide data from the PGC (MD: 135 458 cases and 344 901 controls; AD: 10 206 cases and 28 480 controls) and UK Biobank (AC-frequency: 438 308 individuals; AC-quantity: 307 098 individuals).<h4>Results</h4>Positive genetic correlation was observed between MD and AD (rgMD-AD = + 0.47, P = 6.6 × 10-10). AC-quantity showed positive genetic correlation with both AD (rgAD-AC quantity = + 0.75, P = 1.8 × 10-14) and MD (rgMD-AC quantity = + 0.14, P = 2.9 × 10-7), while there was negative correlation of AC-frequency with MD (rgMD-AC frequency = -0.17, P = 1.5 × 10-10) and a non-significant result with AD. MR analyses confirmed the presence of pleiotropy among these four traits. However, the MD-AD results reflect a mediated-pleiotropy mechanism (i.e. causal relationship) with an effect of MD on AD (beta = 0.28, P = 1.29 × 10-6). There was no evidence for reverse causation.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This study supports a causal role for genetic liability of MD on AD based on genetic datasets including thousands of individuals. Understanding mechanisms underlying MD-AD comorbidity addresses important public health concerns and has the potential to facilitate prevention and intervention efforts.
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