Improving Multi-Hop Time Synchronization Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Packet-Relaying Gateways With Per-Hop Delay Compensation

Huan, Xintao, Kim, Kyeong Soo, Lee, Sanghyuk, Lim, Eng Gee ORCID: 0000-0003-0199-7386 and Marshall, Alan ORCID: 0000-0002-8058-5242 (2021) Improving Multi-Hop Time Synchronization Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Packet-Relaying Gateways With Per-Hop Delay Compensation IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, 69 (9). pp. 6093-6105. ISSN 0090-6778, 1558-0857

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Abstract

Based on the reverse asymmetric time synchronization framework, we have proposed several schemes with a major focus on the energy efficiency and computational complexity of a large number of battery-powered, low-cost sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To address the cumulative end-to-end synchronization error, we have also introduced an idea of compensating for the processing delays at packet-relaying gateways as an energy-efficient way of multi-hop extension of WSN time synchronization schemes. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the multi-hop extension of WSN time synchronization schemes based on packet-relaying gateways with the per-hop delay compensation and the results of extensive experiments for the energy-efficient time synchronization schemes based on the reverse asymmetric time synchronization framework together with the flooding time synchronization protocol as a representative of existing schemes. Experimental results based on a real testbed demonstrate that the multi-hop extension based on packet-relaying gateways with the per-hop delay compensation greatly improves the performance of time synchronization of all the schemes considered compared to the multi-hop extension based on the conventional time-translating gateways.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Synchronization, Wireless sensor networks, Logic gates, Delays, Spread spectrum communication, Energy efficiency, Protocols, Multi-hop time synchronization, processing delay compensation, packet relaying, wireless sensor networks
Divisions:	Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	07 Feb 2022 11:01
Last Modified:	16 Jun 2026 09:14
DOI:	10.1109/TCOMM.2021.3092038
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3148224
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