Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Collapse authors list.
Shevlin, Mark, Butter, Sarah, McBride, Orla, Murphy, Jamie, Gibson-Miller, Jilly, Hartman, Todd K, Levita, Liat, Mason, Liam, Martinez, Anton P, McKay, Ryan et al (show 17 more authors) , Stocks, Thomas VA, Bennett, Kate M ORCID: 0000-0003-3164-6894, Hyland, Philip, Vallieres, Frédérique, Valiente, Carmen, Vazquez, Carmelo, Contreras, Alba, Peinado, Vanesa, Trucharte, Almudena, Bertamini, Marco ORCID: 0000-0001-8617-6864, Panzeri, Anna, Bruno, Giovanni, Granziol, Umberto, Mignemi, Giuseppe, Spoto, Andrea, Vidotto, Giulio and Bentall, Richard P (2022) Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 22 (1). 154-.

Text Shevlinetalal2022.pdf - Published version Download (1MB) | Preview

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) are self-report measures of major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. The primary aim of this study was to test for differential item functioning (DIF) on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 items based on age, sex (males and females), and country.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Method</jats:title> <jats:p>Data from nationally representative surveys in UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy (combined <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 6,054) were used to fit confirmatory factor analytic and multiple-indictor multiple-causes models.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Spain and Italy had higher latent variable means than the UK and Ireland for both anxiety and depression, but there was no evidence for differential items functioning.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were found to be unidimensional, reliable, and largely free of DIF in data from four large nationally representative samples of the general population in the UK, Ireland, Italy and Spain.</jats:p> </jats:sec>

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	PHQ-9, GAD-7, Depression, Anxiety, Measurement invariance
Divisions:	Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences > Institute of Population Health
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	21 Mar 2022 09:29
Last Modified:	18 Jan 2023 21:10
DOI:	10.1186/s12888-022-03787-5
Related URLs:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3151215