Thindwa, Deus, Wolter, Nicole, Pinsent, Amy, Carrim, Maimuna, Ojal, John, Tempia, Stefano, Moyes, Jocelyn, McMorrow, Meredith, Kleynhans, Jackie, von Gottberg, Anne et al (show 4 more authors)
(2021)
Estimating the contribution of HIV-infected adults to household pneumococcal transmission in South Africa, 2016-2018: A hidden Markov modelling study.
PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, 17 (12).
e1009680-.
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adults are at a higher risk of pneumococcal colonisation and disease, even while receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). To help evaluate potential indirect effects of vaccination of HIV-infected adults, we assessed whether HIV-infected adults disproportionately contribute to household transmission of pneumococci. We constructed a hidden Markov model to capture the dynamics of pneumococcal carriage acquisition and clearance observed during a longitudinal household-based nasopharyngeal swabbing study, while accounting for sample misclassifications. Households were followed-up twice weekly for approximately 10 months each year during a three-year study period for nasopharyngeal carriage detection via real-time PCR. We estimated the effect of participant's age, HIV status, presence of a HIV-infected adult within the household and other covariates on pneumococcal acquisition and clearance probabilities. Of 1,684 individuals enrolled, 279 (16.6%) were younger children (<5 years-old) of whom 4 (1.5%) were HIV-infected and 726 (43.1%) were adults (≥18 years-old) of whom 214 (30.4%) were HIV-infected, most (173, 81.2%) with high CD4+ count. The observed range of pneumococcal carriage prevalence across visits was substantially higher in younger children (56.9-80.5%) than older children (5-17 years-old) (31.7-50.0%) or adults (11.5-23.5%). We estimate that 14.4% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 13.7-15.0) of pneumococcal-negative swabs were false negatives. Daily carriage acquisition probabilities among HIV-uninfected younger children were similar in households with and without HIV-infected adults (hazard ratio: 0.95, 95%CI: 0.91-1.01). Longer average carriage duration (11.4 days, 95%CI: 10.2-12.8 vs 6.0 days, 95%CI: 5.6-6.3) and higher median carriage density (622 genome equivalents per millilitre, 95%CI: 507-714 vs 389, 95%CI: 311.1-435.5) were estimated in HIV-infected vs HIV-uninfected adults. The use of ART and antibiotics substantially reduced carriage duration in all age groups, and acquisition rates increased with household size. Although South African HIV-infected adults on ART have longer carriage duration and density than their HIV-uninfected counterparts, they show similar patterns of pneumococcal acquisition and onward transmission.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | PHIRST group, Humans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pneumococcal Infections, HIV Infections, Models, Statistical, Markov Chains, Computational Biology, Carrier State, Algorithms, Adolescent, Adult, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, South Africa, Female, Male, Young Adult |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences > Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences |
| Depositing User: | Symplectic Admin |
| Date Deposited: | 19 May 2022 08:13 |
| Last Modified: | 07 Jan 2024 09:25 |
| DOI: | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009680 |
| Open Access URL: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009680 |
| Related URLs: | |
| URI: | https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3155110 |
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