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Modulation Techniques for
Mobile Radio
Modulation is the process of encoding information from a message source in a manner suitable for transmission.
It generally involves
translating a baseband message signal (called the
source) to a bandpass signal at frequencies that are very high when compared to the baseband frequency. The bandpass signal is called
the modulated signal
and the baseband message signal is
called the
modulating signal. Modulation may be done by varying the amplitude, phase, or frequency of a high frequency carrier in accordance with the amplitude of the
message signal. Demodulation is the process of extracting the baseband message from the
carrier so that it may be processed and interpreted by the intended receiver (also called the sink).
This chapter describes
various modulation techniques that are used in mobile communication systems. Analog modulation schemes that
are employed in first generation mobile radio
systems, as well
as digital modulation schemes proposed for use in present and future systems, are covered. Since digital modulation offers numerous benefits and is already being used to replace conventional analog systems,
the primary emphasis of
this chapter
is on digital modulation schemes.
However, since analog systems are in widespread use, and will continue to exist, they are treated first.
Modulation is a topic that is covered in great detail in
various communications textbooks. Here, the coverage focuses on modulation and demodulation as it applies to mobile radio systems. A large variety of modulation techniques have been
studied for use
in mobile radio communications
systems. and research is ongoing. Given the hostile fading and multipath conditions in the mobile radio channel, designing a modulation scheme that is resistant to mobile channel impairments is a challenging task. Since the ultimate goal of a modulation technique is to transport the message
signal through a
radio channel with the best possible quality while occupying the least amount of radio
spectrum, new advances in digital signal processing continue to bring about new forms
of modulation
and demodulation. This
chapter describes many
practical modulation schemes, receiver architectures, design tradeoffs. and their performance under various types of channel impairments.
6.1 Frequency Modulation vs. Amplitude Modulation
Frequency modulation
(FM) is the most popular analog modulation technique used in mobile radio systems. In FM, the amplitude of the modulated carrier signal
is kept constant
while its frequency is varied by the modulating message signal.
Thus, FM signals have all their information in the phase or frequency of the
carrier. As shown subsequently, this provides a nonlinear and very rapid improvement in reception
quality once a certain minimum received signal
level, called the FM threshold is achieved. In amplitude modulation
(AM) schemes,
there is a linear relationship between
the quality of the received signal and the power of the received signal
since AM signals superimpose the exact relative amplitudes of the modulating signal onto the
carrier. Thus, AM signals have all their information in the amplitude of the
carrier. FM offers many advantages over amplitude modulation (AM), which makes it a better choice for many
mobile radio applications.
Frequency modulation
has better noise immunity
when compared to amplitude modulation. Since signals are represented as frequency variations rather than amplitude variations, FM signals are less susceptible to atmospheric and impulse noise. which tend to cause rapid fluctuations in the amplitude of the received radio signal.
Also, message amplitude variations do
not carry information in FM, so burst noise does not affect FM system performance
as much as AM
systems, provided that the FM received signal is above the FM threshold. Chapter
5 illustrated how small-scale fading
can cause rapid fluctuations in
the received signal, thus FM offers superior qualitative performance in fading when compared to AM. Also, in an FM system, it is possible to tradeoff bandwidth
occupancy for improved noise performance. Unlike AM, in an FM system the modulation index, and hence bandwidth occupancy,
can be varied to obtain greater signal-to-noise performance.
It can be shown that, under certain
conditions, the FM signal-to-noise ratio
improves 6 dB for
each doubling of
bandwidth occupancy. This ability of an FM system to trade bandwidth for SNR is perhaps the most important reason for
its superiority over AM. However, AM signals are able to occupy
less bandwidth as compared to FM signals, since the transmission system is linear. In modern AM systems, susceptibility to fading has been dramatically improved
through the use of in-band
pilot tones which are transmitted along with the standard AM signal. The modern AM receiver is able
to monitor the
pilot tone and rapidly adjust the receiver
gain to compensate for the amplitude fluctuations.
An FM signal is a constant envelope signal,
due to the fact that the envelope of the carrier does not change with
changes in the modulating signal.
Hence the transmitted power of an FM signal is constant regardless of the amplitude of the message signal.
The constant envelope of the transmitted signal allows efficient Class C power
amplifiers to be used for RF power amplification of FM. In AM, however, it is critical to maintain linearity between the applied message and the amplitude of the transmitted signal,
thus linear Class .A or AB amplifiers, which are not as power efficient, must be used.
The issue of amplifier efficiency is extremely important
when designing portable subscriber terminals since the battery life of the portable is tied to the power amplifier efficiency. Typical efficiencies for Class C amplifiers are 70%, meaning that 70% of the applied DC power
to the final amplifier circuit is converted into radiated RF power. Class A or .AB amplifiers have efficiencies on the order of 30-40f%. This implies that for the same battery, constant envelope FM modulation
may provide twice as much talk time as AM.
Frequency modulation
exhibits a so-called
capture effect characteristic. The capture effect is a direct result of the rapid nonlinear improvement in received quality for an increase in received
power. If
two signals in the same frequency band are available
at an FM receiver, the one appearing at the higher received signal level is accepted and demodulated,
while the weaker one is rejected. This inherent ability to pick
up the strongest
signal and
reject the rest
makes FM systems
very resistant to co-channel interference
and provides excellent subjective received
quality. In AM systems, on the other hand, all of the interferers are received at once and must be discriminated after the demodulation process.
While FM systems have many advantages over AM systems, they also have certain disadvantages.FM systems require a wider frequency band in the transmitting media (generally several times as large as that needed for AM) in order to obtain the advantages of reduced noise and capture
effect. FM transmitter and receiver equipment is also more complex than that used by amplitude modulation systems.
Although frequency modulation systems
are tolerant to certain types of signal and circuit
nonlinearities, special attention must be given to phase characteristics. Both AM and FM may be demodulated using inexpensive
noncoherent detectors. AM is easily demodulated using an
envelope detector whereas FM is demodulated using a discriminator or slope
detector. AM may be detected coherently with a product detector, and in such cases AM can outperform FM in weak
signal conditions since FM must be received above threshold.