Performance of SK-Gd's Upgraded Real-time Supernova Monitoring System

Collapse authors list.
Kashiwagi, Y, Abe, K, Bronner, C, Hayato, Y, Hiraide, K, Hosokawa, K, Ieki, K, Ikeda, M, Kameda, J, Kanemura, Y et al (show 229 more authors) , Kaneshima, R, Kataoka, Y, Miki, S, Mine, S, Miura, M, Moriyama, S, Nakano, Y, Nakahata, M, Nakayama, S, Noguchi, Y, Sato, K, Sekiya, H, Shiba, H, Shimizu, K, Shiozawa, M, Sonoda, Y, Suzuki, Y, Takeda, A, Takemoto, Y, Tanaka, H, Yano, T, Han, S, Kajita, T, Okumura, K, Tashiro, T, Tomiya, T, Wang, X, Yoshida, S, Fernandez, P, Labarga, L, Ospina, N, Zaldivar, B, Pointon, BW, Kearns, E, Raaf, JL, Wan, L, Wester, T, Bian, J, Griskevich, NJ, Locke, S, Smy, MB, Sobel, HW, Takhistov, V, Yankelevich, A, Hill, J, Jang, MC, Lee, SH, Moon, DH, Park, RG, Bodur, B, Scholberg, K, Walter, CW, Beauchene, A, Drapier, O, Giampaolo, A, Mueller, Th A, Santos, AD, Paganini, P, Quilain, B, Rogly, R, Nakamura, T, Jang, JS, Machado, LN, Learned, JG, Choi, K, Iovine, N, Cao, S, Anthony, LHV, Martin, D, Prouse, NW, Scott, M, Sztuc, AA, Uchida, Y, Berardi, V, Catanesi, MG, Radicioni, E, Calabria, NF, Langella, A, De Rosa, G, Collazuol, G, Iacob, F, Mattiazzi, M, Ludovici, L, Gonin, M, Perisse, L, Pronost, G, Fujisawa, C, Maekawa, Y, Nishimura, Y, Okazaki, R, Akutsu, R, Friend, M, Hasegawa, T, Ishida, T, Kobayashi, T, Jakkapu, M, Matsubara, T, Nakadaira, T, Nakamura, K, Oyama, Y, Sakashita, K, Sekiguchi, T, Tsukamoto, T, Bhuiyan, N, Burton, GT, Di Lodovico, F, Gao, J, Goldsack, A, Katori, T, Migenda, J, Ramsden, RM, Xie, Z, Zsoldos, S, Suzuki, AT, Takagi, Y, Takeuchi, Y, Zhong, H, Feng, J, Feng, L, Hu, JR, Hu, Z, Kawaue, M, Kikawa, T, Mori, M, Nakaya, T, Wendell, RA, Yasutome, K, Jenkins, SJ ORCID: 0000-0002-0982-8141, McCauley, N ORCID: 0000-0002-5982-5125, Mehta, P, Tarrant, A, Fukuda, Y, Itow, Y, Menjo, H, Ninomiya, K, Yoshioka, Y, Lagoda, J, Lakshmi, SM, Mandal, M, Mijakowski, P, Prabhu, YS, Zalipska, J, Jia, M, Jiang, J, Jung, CK, Shi, W, Wilking, MJ, Yanagisawa, C, Harada, M, Hino, Y, Ishino, H, Koshio, Y, Nakanishi, F, Sakai, S, Tada, T, Tano, T, Ishizuka, T, Barr, G, Barrow, D, Cook, L, Samani, S, Wark, D, Holin, A, Nova, F, Jung, S, Yang, BS, Yang, JY, Yoo, J, Fannon, JEP, Kneale, L, Malek, M, McElwee, JM, Thiesse, MD, Thompson, LF, Wilson, ST, Okazawa, H, Kim, SB, Kwon, E, Seo, JW, Yu, I, Ichikawa, AK, Nakamura, KD, Tairafune, S, Nishijima, K, Eguchi, A, Nakagiri, K, Nakajima, Y, Shima, S, Taniuchi, N, Watanabe, E, Yokoyama, M, de Perio, P, Fujita, S, Jesus-Valls, C, Martens, K, Tsui, KM, Vagins, MR, Xia, J, Kuze, M, Izumiyama, S, Matsumoto, R, Ishitsuka, M, Ito, H, Ommura, Y, Shigeta, N, Shinoki, M, Yamauchi, K, Yoshida, T, Gaur, R, Gousy-Leblanc, V, Hartz, M, Konaka, A, Li, X, Chen, S, Xu, BD, Zhang, B, Posiadala-Zezula, M, Boyd, SB, Edwards, R, Hadley, D, Nicholson, M, O'Flaherty, M, Richards, B, Ali, A, Jamieson, B, Amanai, S, Marti, Ll, Minamino, A and Suzuki, S (2024) Performance of SK-Gd's Upgraded Real-time Supernova Monitoring System ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 970 (1). p. 93. ISSN 0004-637X, 1538-4357

Access the full-text of this item by clicking on the Open Access link.

Abstract

Among multimessenger observations of the next Galactic core-collapse supernova, Super-Kamiokande (SK) plays a critical role in detecting the emitted supernova neutrinos, determining the direction to the supernova (SN), and notifying the astronomical community of these observations in advance of the optical signal. In 2022, SK has increased the gadolinium dissolved in its water target (SK-Gd) and has achieved a Gd concentration of 0.033%, resulting in enhanced neutron detection capability, which in turn enables more accurate determination of the supernova direction. Accordingly, SK-Gd’s real-time supernova monitoring system has been upgraded. SK_SN Notice, a warning system that works together with this monitoring system, was released on 2021 December 13, and is available through GCN Notices. When the monitoring system detects an SN-like burst of events, SK_SN Notice will automatically distribute an alarm with the reconstructed direction to the supernova candidate within a few minutes. In this paper, we present a systematic study of SK-Gd’s response to a simulated Galactic SN. Assuming a supernova situated at 10 kpc, neutrino fluxes from six supernova models are used to characterize SK-Gd’s pointing accuracy using the same tools as the online monitoring system. The pointing accuracy is found to vary from 3° to 7° depending on the models. However, if the supernova is closer than 10 kpc, SK_SN Notice can issue an alarm with three-degree accuracy, which will benefit follow-up observations by optical telescopes with large fields of view.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	5106 Nuclear and Plasma Physics, 51 Physical Sciences
Divisions:	Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Physical Sciences
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	27 Sep 2024 15:19
Last Modified:	23 May 2026 08:59
DOI:	10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d8e
Open Access URL:	https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-43...
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3184773
Disclaimer:	The University of Liverpool is not responsible for content contained on other websites from links within repository metadata. Please contact us if you notice anything that appears incorrect or inappropriate.