Long Covid: a global health issue - a prospective, cohort study set in four continents

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Pazukhina, E ORCID: 0000-0001-9379-0475, Garcia-Gallo, E ORCID: 0000-0002-8030-9985, Reyes, LF ORCID: 0000-0003-1172-6539, Kildal, AB ORCID: 0000-0002-1319-6511, Jassat, W, Dryden, M, Holter, JC ORCID: 0000-0003-1618-5022, Chatterjee, A, Gomez, K ORCID: 0009-0003-3487-9172, Søraas, A et al (show 90 more authors) , Puntoni, M ORCID: 0000-0002-7908-0626, Latronico, N ORCID: 0000-0002-2521-5871, Bozza, FA, Edelstein, M, Gonçalves, BP ORCID: 0000-0002-3329-6050, Kartsonaki, C ORCID: 0000-0002-3981-3418, Kruglova, O, Gaião, S, Chow, YP, Doshi, Y, Vallejo, SID, Ibáñez-Prada, ED, Fuentes, YV, Hastie, C ORCID: 0000-0003-2075-2130, O'Hara, ME, Balan, V, Menkir, T ORCID: 0000-0001-6070-8017, Merson, L ORCID: 0000-0002-4168-1960, Kelly, S, Citarella, BW, Semple, MG ORCID: 0000-0001-9700-0418, Scott, JT ORCID: 0000-0001-8030-5223, Munblit, D, Sigfrid, L ORCID: 0000-0003-2764-1177, Ali, A, Amuasi, JH, Angheben, A, Bangura, IR, Bastos, L, Beltrame, A, Bloos, F, Blumberg, L, Buonsenso, D, Caminiti, C, Carson, G, Casey, A, Cassaglia, D, Cevik, M, Drake, TM, Duque, S, Dyrhol Riise, AM, Evans, R, Fowler, R, Gillesen, A, Goncalvez, BP, Goodwin, L, Hamacher, S, Hann, K, O’Hara, M, Harrison, EM, Hashmi, M, Hegelund, L, Henriquez Trujillo, A, Ho, A, Ibañez, ED, Ireson, J, Jamieson, N, Jesudason, E, Krugalova, O, Lakoh, S, Lee, J, Lim, WS, Lissaeur, S, Lone, N, Lowe, DJ, Lunn, M, Manohan, S, McPeake, J, Meta, R, Moore, S, Morton, B, Mudara, C, Murthy, S, Nadjm, B, Ndure, E, Nekliudov, N, Olliaro, P, Palmieri, C, Panda, PK, Pauley, E, Piva, S, Plotkin, DR, Rello, J, Resende, L, Ruiz Saltana, S, Russell, CD, Ryckaert, S, Sindhwani Pulm, G, Tamisier, R and Turtle, L (2024) Long Covid: a global health issue - a prospective, cohort study set in four continents BMJ Global Health, 9 (10). e015245-. ISSN 2059-7908, 2059-7908

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Abstract

Introduction A proportion of people develop Long Covid after acute COVID-19, but with most studies concentrated in high-income countries (HICs), the global burden is largely unknown. Our study aims to characterise long-term COVID-19 sequelae in populations globally and compare the prevalence of reported symptoms in HICs and low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods A prospective, observational study in 17 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America, including adults with confirmed COVID-19 assessed at 2 to <6 and 6 to <12 months post-hospital discharge. A standardised case report form developed by International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium's Global COVID-19 Follow-up working group evaluated the frequency of fever, persistent symptoms, breathlessness (MRC dyspnoea scale), fatigue and impact on daily activities. Results Of 11 860 participants (median age: 52 (IQR: 41-62) years; 52.1% females), 56.5% were from HICs and 43.5% were from LMICs. The proportion identified with Long Covid was significantly higher in HICs vs LMICs at both assessment time points (69.0% vs 45.3%, p<0.001; 69.7% vs 42.4%, p<0.001). Participants in HICs were more likely to report not feeling fully recovered (54.3% vs 18.0%, p<0.001; 56.8% vs 40.1%, p<0.001), fatigue (42.9% vs 27.9%, p<0.001; 41.6% vs 27.9%, p<0.001), new/persistent fever (19.6% vs 2.1%, p<0.001; 20.3% vs 2.0%, p<0.001) and have a higher prevalence of anxiety/depression and impact on usual activities compared with participants in LMICs at 2 to <6 and 6 to <12 months post-COVID-19 hospital discharge, respectively. Conclusion Our data show that Long Covid affects populations globally, manifesting similar symptomatology and impact on functioning in both HIC and LMICs. The prevalence was higher in HICs versus LMICs. Although we identified a lower prevalence, the impact of Long Covid may be greater in LMICs if there is a lack of support systems available in HICs. Further research into the aetiology of Long Covid and the burden in LMICs is critical to implement effective, accessible treatment and support strategies to improve COVID-19 outcomes for all.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	COVID-19, Global Health, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cohort study
Divisions:	Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	04 Nov 2024 11:30
Last Modified:	28 Feb 2026 01:13
DOI:	10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015245
Open Access URL:	https://gh.bmj.com/content/9/10/e015245
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3187055
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