Incidence of diabetes mellitus following hospitalisation for COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: A prospective observational study

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Tyrer, F ORCID: 0000-0003-2877-4342, Gharibzadeh, S, Gillies, C, Lawson, C, Routen, A, Islam, N, Razieh, C, Zaccardi, F, Yates, T, Davies, MJ et al (show 71 more authors) , Brightling, CE, Chalmers, JD, Docherty, AB, Elneima, O, Evans, RA, Greening, NJ, Harris, VC, Harrison, EM, Ho, LP, Horsley, A, Houchen-Wolloff, L, Leavy, OC, Lone, NI, Marks, M, McAuley, HJC, Poinasamy, K, Quint, JK, Raman, B, Richardson, M, Saunders, R, Sereno, M, Shikotra, A, Singapuri, A, Wain, LV, Khunti, K, Wain, LV, Chalmers, JD, Ho, LP, Marks, M, Dowling, R, Edwardson, C, Finney, S, Greening, NJ, Hargadon, B, Overton, C, Plekhanova, T, Saunders, RM, Taylor, C, Terry, S, Tong, C, Zhao, B, Lomas, D, Sapey, E, Berry, C, Bolton, CE, Brunskill, N, Chilvers, ER, Djukanovic, R, Ellis, Y, Forton, D, French, N ORCID: 0000-0003-4814-8293, George, J, Hanley, NA, Hart, N, McGarvey, L, Maskell, N, McShane, H, Parkes, M, Peckham, D, Pfeffer, P, Sayer, A, Sheikh, A, Thompson, AAR, Williams, N, Greenhalf, W ORCID: 0000-0002-1865-3195, Semple, MG ORCID: 0000-0001-9700-0418, Ashworth, M, Hardwick, HE, Lavelle-Langham, L, Reynolds, W and Saunders, RM (2025) Incidence of diabetes mellitus following hospitalisation for COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: A prospective observational study Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, 27 (2). pp. 767-776. ISSN 1462-8902, 1463-1326

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Abstract

Background: People hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have elevated incidence of diabetes. However, it is unclear whether this is due to shared risk factors, confounding or stress hyperglycaemia in response to acute illness. Methods: We analysed a multicentre prospective cohort study (PHOSP-COVID) of people ≥18 years discharged from NHS hospitals across the United Kingdom following COVID-19. Individuals were included if they attended at least one research visit with a HbA1c measurement within 14 months of discharge and had no history of diabetes at baseline. The primary outcome was new onset diabetes (any type), as defined by a first glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol). Follow-up was censored at the last HbA1c measurement. Age-standardised incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, length of hospital stay, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, deprivation, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia/hypercholesterolaemia, intensive therapy unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, corticosteroid use and C-reactive protein score) were calculated using Poisson regression. Incidence rates were compared with the control groups of published clinical trials in the United Kingdom by applying the same inclusion and exclusion criteria, where possible. Results: Incidence of diabetes was 91.4 per 1000 person-years and was higher in South Asian (incidence rate ratios [IRR] = 3.60; 1.77, 7.32; p < 0.001) and Black ethnic groups (IRR = 2.36; 1.07, 5.21; p = 0.03) compared with White ethnic groups. When restricted to similar characteristics, the incidence rates were similar to those in UK clinical trials data. Conclusion: Diabetes incidence following hospitalisation for COVID-19 is high, but it remains uncertain whether it is disproportionately higher than pre-pandemic levels.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	PHOSP‐COVID Study Collaborative Group, Humans, Diabetes Mellitus, Hospitalization, Incidence, Risk Factors, Prospective Studies, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, United Kingdom, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Glycated Hemoglobin
Divisions:	Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	03 Dec 2024 13:49
Last Modified:	07 Feb 2026 15:18
DOI:	10.1111/dom.16071
Open Access URL:	https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16071
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3188996
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