Density-dependent network structuring within and across wild animal systems.


Albery, Gregory F ORCID: 0000-0001-6260-2662, Becker, Daniel J ORCID: 0000-0003-4315-8628, Firth, Josh A ORCID: 0000-0001-7183-4115, De Moor, Delphine ORCID: 0000-0003-2474-6125, Ravindran, Sanjana, Silk, Matthew ORCID: 0000-0002-8318-5383, Sweeny, Amy R, Vander Wal, Eric, Webber, Quinn ORCID: 0000-0002-0434-9360, Allen, Bryony et al (show 100 more authors) (2025) Density-dependent network structuring within and across wild animal systems. Nature ecology & evolution, 9 (11). pp. 2002-2013. ISSN 2397-334X, 2397-334X

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Abstract

Theory predicts that high population density leads to more strongly connected spatial and social networks, but how local density drives individuals' positions within their networks is unclear. This gap reduces our ability to understand and predict density-dependent processes. Here we show that density drives greater network connectedness at the scale of individuals within wild animal populations. Across 36 datasets of spatial and social behaviour in >58,000 individual animals, spanning 30 species of fish, reptiles, birds, mammals and insects, 80% of systems exhibit strong positive relationships between local density and network centrality. However, >80% of relationships are nonlinear and 75% are shallower at higher values, indicating saturating trends that probably emerge as a result of demographic and behavioural processes that counteract density's effects. These are stronger and less saturating in spatial compared with social networks, as individuals become disproportionately spatially connected rather than socially connected at higher densities. Consequently, ecological processes that depend on spatial connections are probably more density dependent than those involving social interactions. These findings suggest fundamental scaling rules governing animal social dynamics, which could help to predict network structures in novel systems.

Item Type: Article
Uncontrolled Keywords: Animals, Animals, Wild, Vertebrates, Behavior, Animal, Social Behavior, Population Density
Divisions: Faculty of Health & Life Sciences
Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences
Depositing User: Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited: 05 Aug 2025 10:52
Last Modified: 08 Nov 2025 04:29
DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02843-z
Related Websites:
URI: https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3193924
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