Measurement of neutron production in atmospheric neutrino interactions at Super-Kamiokande

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Han, S, Abe, K, Abe, S, Asaoka, Y, Bronner, C, Harada, M, Hayato, Y, Hiraide, K, Hosokawa, K, Ieki, K et al (show 273 more authors) , Ikeda, M, Kameda, J, Kanemura, Y, Kaneshima, R, Kashiwagi, Y, Kataoka, Y, Miki, S, Mine, S, Miura, M, Moriyama, S, Nakahata, M, Nakayama, S, Noguchi, Y, Pronost, G, Sato, K, Okamoto, K, Sekiya, H, Shiba, H, Shimizu, K, Shinoda, R, Shiozawa, M, Sonoda, Y, Suzuki, Y, Takeda, A, Takemoto, Y, Takenaka, A, Tanaka, H, Yano, T, Kajita, T, Okumura, K, Nishijima, R, Tashiro, T, Tomiya, T, Wang, X, Yoshida, S, Fernandez, P, Labarga, L, Ospina, N, Samudio, D, Zaldivar, B, Pointon, BW, Yanagisawa, C, Kearns, E, Raaf, JL, Wan, L, Wester, T, Bian, J, Cortez, B, Griskevich, NJ, Smy, MB, Sobel, HW, Takhistov, V, Yankelevich, A, Hill, J, Jang, MC, Lee, SH, Moon, DH, Park, RG, Yang, BS, Bodur, B, Scholberg, K, Walter, CW, Beauchene, A, Drapier, O, Giampaolo, A, Ershova, A, Mueller, Th A, Santos, AD, Paganini, P, Quach, C, Rogly, R, Nakamura, T, Jang, JS, Machado, LN, Soler, FP, Learned, JG, Choi, K, Iovine, N, Cao, S, Anthony, LHV, Martin, D, Prouse, NW, Scott, M, Uchida, Y, Sztuc, AA, Berardi, V, Calabria, NF, Catanesi, MG, Radicioni, E, Langella, A, De Rosa, G, Collazuol, G, Feltre, M, Iacob, F, Mattiazzi, M, Ludovici, L, Gonin, M, Perisse, L, Quilain, B, Fujisawa, C, Horiuchi, S, Kawabata, A, Kobayashi, M, Liu, YM, Maekawa, Y, Nishimura, Y, Okazaki, R, Akutsu, R, Friend, M, Hasegawa, T, Ishida, T, Kobayashi, T, Jakkapu, M, Matsubara, T, Nakadaira, T, Nakamura, K, Oyama, Y, Yrey, A Portocarrero, Sakashita, K, Sekiguchi, T, Tsukamoto, T, Bhuiyan, N, Burton, GT, Di Lodovico, F, Gao, J, Goldsack, A, Katori, T, Migenda, J, Ramsden, RM, Xie, Z, Zsoldos, S, Sone, T, Suzuki, AT, Takagi, Y, Takeuchi, Y, Wada, S, Zhong, H, Feng, J, Feng, L, Hikida, J, Hu, JR, Hu, Z, Kawaue, M, Kikawa, T, Mori, M, Nakaya, T, Ngoc, TV, Wendell, RA, Yasutome, K, Jenkins, SJ ORCID: 0000-0002-0982-8141, McCauley, N ORCID: 0000-0002-5982-5125, Tarrant, A, Mehta, P, Fani, M, Wilking, MJ, Fukuda, Y, Itow, Y, Menjo, H, Yoshioka, Y, Ninomiya, K, Lagoda, J, Lakshmi, SM, Mandal, M, Mijakowski, P, Prabhu, YS, Zalipska, J, Jia, M, Jiang, J, Jung, CK, Shi, W, Hamaguchi, K, Hino, Y, Ishino, H, Koshio, Y, Nakanishi, F, Sakai, S, Tada, T, Tano, T, Ishizuka, T, Barr, G, Barrow, D, Cook, L, Samani, S, Wark, D, Holin, A, Nova, F, Jung, S, Yang, JY, Yoo, J, Fannon, JEP, Kneale, L, Malek, M, McElwee, JM, Peacock, T, Stowell, P, Thiesse, MD, Thompson, LF, Wilson, ST, Okazawa, H, Lakshmi, SM, Kim, SB, Kwon, E, Lee, MW, Seo, JW, Yu, I, Ichikawa, AK, Nakamura, KD, Tairafune, S, Nishijima, K, Eguchi, A, Goto, S, Kodama, S, Mizuno, Y, Muro, T, Nakagiri, K, Nakajima, Y, Shima, S, Taniuchi, N, Watanabe, E, Yokoyama, M, De Perio, P, Fujita, S, Jesus-Valls, C, Martens, K, Marti, Ll, Tsui, KM, Vagins, MR, Xia, J, Kuze, M, Izumiyama, S, Matsumoto, R, Terada, K, Asaka, R, Ishitsuka, M, Ito, H, Ommura, Y, Shigeta, N, Shinoki, M, Sugo, M, Wako, M, Yamauchi, K, Yoshida, T, Nakano, Y, Cormier, F, Gaur, R, Gousy-Leblanc, V, Hartz, M, Konaka, A, Li, X, Smithers, BR, Chen, S, Wu, Y, Xu, BD, Zhang, AQ, Zhang, B, Girgus, M, Govindaraj, P, Posiadala-Zezula, M, Boyd, SB, Edwards, R, Hadley, D, Nicholson, M, O'Flaherty, M, Richards, B, Ali, A, Jamieson, B, Amanai, S, Hamaguchi, D, Minamino, A, Sasaki, Y, Shibayama, R, Shimamura, R and Suzuki, S (2025) Measurement of neutron production in atmospheric neutrino interactions at Super-Kamiokande PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 112 (1). pp. 1-24. ISSN 2470-0010, 2470-0029

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Abstract

We present measurements of total neutron production from atmospheric neutrino interactions in water, analyzed as a function of electron-equivalent visible energy over a range of 30 MeV to 10 GeV. These results are based on 4,270 days of data collected by Super-Kamiokande, including 564 days with 0.011 wt% gadolinium added to enhance neutron detection. Neutron signal selection is based on a neural network trained on simulation, with its performance validated using an Am/Be neutron point source. The measurements are compared to predictions from neutrino event generators combined with various hadron-nucleus interaction models, which include an intranuclear cascade model and a nuclear deexcitation model. We observe significant variations in the predictions depending on the choice of hadron-nucleus interaction model. We discuss key factors that contribute to describing our data, such as in-medium effects in the intranuclear cascade and the accuracy of statistical evaporation modeling.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	5106 Nuclear and Plasma Physics, 5107 Particle and High Energy Physics, 5110 Synchrotrons and Accelerators, 51 Physical Sciences
Divisions:	Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Physical Sciences
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	12 Aug 2025 09:34
Last Modified:	23 May 2026 10:23
DOI:	10.1103/4d71-d69k
Open Access URL:	https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/4d71...
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3194042
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