The biomechanics of working dog locomotion I: Steady-state trotting

Charles, James P, Comerford, Eithne J ORCID: 0000-0002-5244-6042, Ratcliffe, Victoria F, Kissane, Roger WP ORCID: 0000-0001-9385-2584, Gooding, Isabelle, Cottriall, Suzanne, Maddox, Thomas W and Bates, Karl T ORCID: 0000-0002-0048-141X (2025) The biomechanics of working dog locomotion I: Steady-state trotting JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, 228 (17). jeb250523-. ISSN 0022-0949, 1477-9145

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Abstract

The biomechanics of steady-state locomotion in different breeds of working dog is understudied, despite widespread use of these animals in multiple industries. It is unknown how kinematic and kinetic parameters vary between breeds and how these variations are potentially related to inter-breed variations in morphology. Here, gross morphology and trotting locomotion within a cohort of 27 Labrador retrievers (‘labradors’), shepherd breeds (‘shepherds’) and spaniel breeds (‘spaniels’) were compared using motion capture, force plates and biomechanical modelling. Evidence for slight positive allometric scaling of limb and body lengths was found between the breeds, with relatively longer lengths seen in shepherds compared with spaniels. Significant between-breed differences in raw spatiotemporal parameters were found, with the larger shepherds trotting with greater velocities, stride lengths and ground reaction forces than the smaller breeds, although many of these factors scaled with isometry with respect to body mass when accounting for variations in trotting speed. However, gait cycle times and stride lengths did not scale isometrically with body size, which, taken together with significant differences in flexion–extension joint angles and moments, suggests that dynamic similarity during trotting is unlikely between these breeds. Overall, these findings highlight specific differences in the biomechanics of steady-state trotting locomotion between working dog breeds despite their somewhat geometrically similar gross body proportions. This suggests not only that should locomotion databases for individual breeds exist for future canine research, but also that breed-specific considerations should be adopted to maximise the health and welfare of these dogs in working practices, such as load-carrying tasks.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Joint kinematics, Joint moments, Biomechanical modelling, Ground reaction forces, Canine
Divisions:	Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Life Courses & Medical Sciences
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	10 Sep 2025 07:27
Last Modified:	16 Jun 2026 20:20
DOI:	10.1242/jeb.250523
Open Access URL:	https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.250523
Related Websites:	Author
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3194333
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