Health economic impact of early versus delayed treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the UK

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Defres, S ORCID: 0000-0002-4729-7505, Navvuga, P, Moore, S ORCID: 0000-0001-8610-2806, Hardwick, H, Easton, A, Michael, BD ORCID: 0000-0002-8693-8926, Kneen, R, Griffiths, M, Medina-Lara, A, Solomon, T ORCID: 0000-0001-7266-6547 et al (show 73 more authors) , Backman, R, Baker, G, Beeching, NJ, Breen, R, Brown, D, Cheyne, C, Carrol, ED ORCID: 0000-0001-8357-7726, Davies, NWS, Easton, A, Eccles, M, Foy, R, Garcia-Finana, M, Granerod, J, Griem, J, Gummery, A, Harris, L, Hickey, H, Hill, H, Jacoby, A, Kierans, C, Kopelman, M, Lancaster, G, Levin, M, McDonald, R, Medina-Lara, A, Menson, E, Michael, B, Martin, N, Pennington, A, Pollard, A, Riley, J, Sadarangani, M, Salter, A, Tharmaratnam, K ORCID: 0000-0002-8255-9822, Thornton, M, Vincent, A, Warlow, C, Barlow, G, Blanchard, T, Body, R, Boyd, G, Cebria-Prejan, L, Chadwick, D, Cooke, R, Crawford, P, Davies, B, Douthwaite, S, Emsley, H, Goldenberg, S, Graham, C, Green, S, Hawkins, C, Irish, D, Jeffrey, K, Jones, M, Keating, L, Keep, J, Larkin, S, Leita, M, Macallan, D, Minton, J, Mohandas, K, Moran, E, Muir, D, Pasztor, M, Reed, M, Solomon, T, Stanley, P, Sutton, J, Thomas, P, Thwaites, G, Weir, J and Zuckerman, M (2025) Health economic impact of early versus delayed treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the UK BMJ Open, 15 (9). e088473-. ISSN 2044-6055, 2044-6055

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Abstract

Objective Thanks to the introduction of recent national guidelines for treating herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis, health outcomes have improved. This paper evaluates the health system costs and the health-related quality of life implications of these guidelines. Design and setting A sub-analysis of data from a prospective, multi-centre, observational cohort ENCEPH-UK study conducted across 29 hospitals in the UK from 2012 to 2015. Study participants Data for patients aged ≥16 years with a confirmed HSV encephalitis diagnosis admitted for treatment with aciclovir were collected at discharge, 3 and 12 months. Primary and secondary outcome measures Patient health outcomes were measured by the Glasgow outcome score (GOS), modified ranking score (mRS) and the EuroQoL; healthcare costs were estimated per patient at discharge from hospital and at 12 months follow-up. In addition, Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) were calculated from the EQ-5D utility scores. Cost-utility analysis was performed using the NHS and Social Care perspective. Results A total of 49 patients were included; 35 were treated within 48 hours, € early' (median (IQR) 8.25 [3.7-20.5]) and 14 were treated after 48 hours € delayed' (median (IQR) 93.9 [66.7-100.1]). At discharge, 30 (86%) in the early treatment group had a good mRS outcome score (0-3) compared with 4 (29%) in the delayed group. According to GOS, 10 (29%) had a good recovery in the early treatment group, but only 1 (7%) in the delayed group. EQ-5D-3L utility value at discharge was significantly higher for early treatment (0.609 vs 0.221, p<0.000). After adjusting for age and symptom duration at admission, early treatment incurred a lower average cost at discharge, £23,086 (95% CI: £15,186 to £30,987) vs £42,405 (95% CI: £25,457 to £59,354) [p<0.04]. A -£20,218 (95% CI: -£52,173 to £11,783) cost difference was observed at the 12- month follow-up post discharge. Conclusions This study suggests that early treatment may be associated with better health outcomes and reduced patient healthcare costs, with a potential for savings to the NHS with faster treatment.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	ENCEPHUK Study Group, Humans, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex, Acyclovir, Antiviral Agents, Prospective Studies, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Quality of Life, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Health Care Costs, Female, Male, Young Adult, Time-to-Treatment, United Kingdom, Treatment Delay
Divisions:	Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences (T&R Staff) Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences > IVES Professional Services Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Infection, Vet & Ecological Sciences > Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Systems, Molec & Integrative Biology Faculty of Health & Life Sciences > Inst. Systems, Molec & Integrative Biology > SMIB Professional Services
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	13 Oct 2025 08:02
Last Modified:	23 Jan 2026 07:53
DOI:	10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088473
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3194809
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