Highly Efficient Asymmetric Power Division and System-Level Integration for Millimeter-Wave SWIPT: Theory, Design, and Experiment

Shi, Jiupei, Song, Chaoyun, He, Yejun, Hua, Qiang, Liu, Bo, Zheng, Junjie, Zhang, Jinyao, Wong, Sai-Wai and Huang, Yi ORCID: 0000-0001-7774-1024 (2026) Highly Efficient Asymmetric Power Division and System-Level Integration for Millimeter-Wave SWIPT: Theory, Design, and Experiment IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, 74 (3). pp. 2446-2462. ISSN 0018-9480, 1557-9670

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Abstract

Traditionally, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) has employed equal power division between the communication and rectification paths. However, this symmetric approach is suboptimal, as the power requirements for information decoding and energy harvesting (EH) are inherently different, leading to energy inefficiencies. To overcome this limitation, we propose and experimentally validate an asymmetric power divider (PD) and system-integrated design for millimeter-wave (mmWave) SWIPT. The proposed system integrates an asymmetrically allocated PD, a 4× 4 circularly polarized (CP) receiving antenna array with a 36.1% impedance bandwidth, a 30.2% axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW), and a 19.6-dBic peak gain, together with a wideband, high-efficiency rectifier circuit. The measurement results demonstrate that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of both the 28-GHz modulated signal and continuous wave (CW) signal at the communication port exceeds 56 dB. At the rectifier port, a maximum RF-to-dc conversion efficiency of 60.5% is achieved when the input power is 18 dBm. This work presents the first system-level experimental verification of an SWIPT system with asymmetric power division operating in the mmWave band. The proposed design offers several advantages, including an adjustable power ratio, broad bandwidth, high gain, high RF-to-dc conversion efficiency, and ease of integration. Therefore, it holds significant potential for future mmWave Internet of Things (IoT) applications and wireless energy, communication, and sensing networks.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Millimeter wave communication, Antenna arrays, Gain, Antenna measurements, Dipole antennas, Wireless communication, Wideband, Rectennas, Receiving antennas, Broadband antennas, Circularly polarized (CP), millimeter-wave (mmWave) power transfer, rectennas, wideband, wireless power transfer (WPT)
Divisions:	Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering > Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	06 Jan 2026 09:38
Last Modified:	16 Jun 2026 10:49
DOI:	10.1109/TMTT.2025.3639282
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3196373
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