Cadot, Olivier 
ORCID: 0000-0001-7323-6418
(2026)
A review on the asymmetry, steady instability and bistability in the wake of industrial ground vehicles
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 118.
p. 110208.
ISSN 0142-727X, 1879-2278
Abstract
Since the first observation of steady symmetry breaking in the turbulent wakes of a square-back Ahmed body by Grandemange et al. (2012), there have been reports of similar effects with ground vehicles of more complex geometries with square-back style, including real vehicles. The article reviews these cases of industrial flows, either at small or full scale in wind tunnels or numerical simulations with and without road effects. A clear consensus appears of asymmetric recirculating flows in the vertical direction that can, with well chosen parametric variations, reverse to the opposite asymmetry and sometimes lead to spectacular vertical bistable dynamics. These global changes of the base flow impact the body drag and lift. The underlying universal property of these wakes is likely the same steady instability as that of the square-back Ahmed body.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Aerodynamics, Flow-structure interactions, Turbulence, Ahmed body |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering > Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Symplectic Admin |
| Date Deposited: | 06 Jan 2026 16:28 |
| Last Modified: | 28 Feb 2026 20:42 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110208 |
| Open Access URL: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110... |
| Related Websites: | |
| URI: | https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3196485 |
| Disclaimer: | The University of Liverpool is not responsible for content contained on other websites from links within repository metadata. Please contact us if you notice anything that appears incorrect or inappropriate. |
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