Stackelberg game-based optimal coordination for low carbon park with hydrogen blending system

Li, Jiale, Yang, Bo, Zhou, Yiming, Yan, Bingyue, Li, Hongbiao, Gao, Dengke and Jiang, Lin ORCID: 0000-0001-6531-2791 (2026) Stackelberg game-based optimal coordination for low carbon park with hydrogen blending system RENEWABLE ENERGY, 256. 124118-. ISSN 0960-1481, 1879-0682

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Abstract

As an important carrier contributor to national production and societal needs, industrial parks host a plethora of energy-intensive activities and service facilities, rendering them significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) emissions. To realize low-carbonization, this study aims to mitigate carbon emissions through heightened utilization of multi-energy and carbon neutralization strategies. Firstly, the carbon emission flow model is utilized to trace carbon emissions from the energy supplier (ES) side to the user side, furnishing the integrated energy system operator (IESO) with a carbon flow signal to adjust energy prices for guiding electric load. Secondly, the hydrogen blending system (HBS) and carbon capture system (CCS) are introduced to ES. Moreover, a Stackelberg game model is proposed to realize low-carbon scheduling management of IESO, users, and ES, which considers constraints of direct power (DC) flow and heating network temperature, with the existence of the Stackelberg game equilibrium being demonstrated. Furthermore, the validity and feasibility of the proposed Stackelberg model are verified on the extended IEEE-39 bus system and a 6-node heating network, employing a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and CPLEX solver for solution. The simulation result demonstrates that the CO<inf>2</inf> emissions are reduced by 126.41 % compared to that of the lowest under the framework of the Stackelberg game by introducing CCS and HBS.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Stackelberg game, Low carbon park, Hydrogen blending system, Integrated energy system, Demand response
Divisions:	Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering > Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	12 Feb 2026 08:35
Last Modified:	16 Jun 2026 20:24
DOI:	10.1016/j.renene.2025.124118
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3196992
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