Optimal operation and planning of hydrogen refueling stations for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: A typical techno-economic-environmental paradigm

Hu, Yuanweiji, Yang, Bo, He, Bin, Li, Hongbiao, Gao, Dengke, Wang, Jingbo and Jiang, Lin ORCID: 0000-0001-6531-2791 (2026) Optimal operation and planning of hydrogen refueling stations for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: A typical techno-economic-environmental paradigm RENEWABLE ENERGY, 256. 124459-. ISSN 0960-1481, 1879-0682

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Abstract

The planning and operation of hydrogen refueling station (HRS) face significant challenges due to the spatiotemporal uncertainties of hydrogen demand, the complex coupling between transportation and power grids, and the need to balance economic viability, grid stability, and user satisfaction. The existing planning methods also lack an assessment of hydrogen supply strategies. To address these challenges, this study proposes a bi-level optimization model for HRS planning and operation considering traffic-power coupling. The upper-level model establishes a multi-objective framework based on spatiotemporal hydrogen demand forecasting, aiming to minimize total system cost and power grid voltage fluctuations while maximizing user satisfaction. The lower-level model optimizes operational decisions by minimizing hydrogen total usage costs, explicitly evaluating the economic and environmental impacts of various hydrogen supply sources. Case studies are conducted using the real road network of Kunming city coupled with extended IEEE-118 system. The model is solved using a combination of the NSGA-III and Gurobi. The optimal solution yields a comprehensive cost of 5.4735 million RMB, user satisfaction of 0.778, and voltage fluctuation of 0.0035 p.u. Moreover, the lower-level results confirm that, under the premise of prioritizing green hydrogen, the multi-source hydrogen supply strategy offers significantly superior cost efficiency compared to single-source solutions.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, Hydrogen refueling station, Bi-level programming optimization model, Multi-hydrogen supply strategy, SimuNPS
Divisions:	Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering > Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	13 Feb 2026 08:23
Last Modified:	16 Jun 2026 20:24
DOI:	10.1016/j.renene.2025.124459
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3197011
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