Chinomi, N, Tian, Z, Kano, N, Chow, CI, Jiang, L 
ORCID: 0000-0001-6531-2791, Song, K and Ma, C
(2026)
Optimal integration location and sizing of renewable energy systems in AC railways for cost optimisation
High Speed Railway.
ISSN 2097-3446, 2949-8678
Abstract
This study presents a bi-level optimisation framework for the optimal integration of Photovoltaic (PV) systems and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) in AC railway traction power supply networks. The framework addresses two key objectives: determining the optimal capacities and selecting effective integration locations for PV and ESS to enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs. At the master level, a grid search explores combinations of PV and ESS sizes and locations, while the slave level employs a mixed-integer linear programming model solved with CPLEX to optimise ESS charge/discharge operations under variable energy conditions. Case studies demonstrate that integrating a 10 MW PV system with a 1 MWh, 2 MW ESS can reduce daily operational costs by 30 % (from 20152 £/d to 14007 £/d). The system shows resilience to short-term fluctuations in solar irradiance but exhibits higher sensitivity during extended low-irradiance periods. These findings highlight the importance of carefully balancing system configuration, operational strategies, and renewable energy variability. Overall, the proposed approach provides a structured methodology for achieving cost-effective and sustainable PV-ESS integration in railway electrification systems, supporting both economic and operational performance objectives.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, 40 Engineering, 3509 Transportation, Logistics and Supply Chains, 4008 Electrical Engineering, 4009 Electronics, Sensors and Digital Hardware, 7 Affordable and Clean Energy, 13 Climate Action |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Engineering > Electrical Engineering and Electronics |
| Depositing User: | Symplectic Admin |
| Date Deposited: | 09 Mar 2026 09:09 |
| Last Modified: | 23 May 2026 10:54 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.12.005 |
| Open Access URL: | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... |
| Related Websites: | |
| URI: | https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3197392 |
| Disclaimer: | The University of Liverpool is not responsible for content contained on other websites from links within repository metadata. Please contact us if you notice anything that appears incorrect or inappropriate. |
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