The environmental impact, carbon emissions and sustainability of computing in the ATLAS experiment (vol 85, 1397, 2025)

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Aad, G, Aakvaag, E, Abbott, B, Abdelhameed, S, Abeling, K, Abicht, NJ, Abidi, SH, Aboelela, M, Aboulhorma, A, Abramowicz, H et al (show 2882 more authors) , Abulaiti, Y, Acharya, BS, Ackermann, A, Bourdarios, C Adam, Adamczyk, L, Addepalli, SV, Addison, MJ, Adelman, J, Adiguzel, A, Adye, T, Affolder, AA, Afik, Y, Agaras, MN, Aggarwal, A, Agheorghiesei, C, Ahmadov, F, Ahuja, S, Ai, X, Aielli, G, Aikot, A, Tamlihat, M Ait, Aitbenchikh, B, Akbiyik, M, Akesson, TPA, Akimov, AV, Akiyama, D, Akolkar, NN, Aktas, S, Alberghi, GL, Albert, J, Alberti, U, Albicocco, P, Albouy, GL, Alderweireldt, S, Alegria, ZL, Aleksa, M, Aleksandrov, IN, Alexa, C, Alexopoulos, T, Alfonsi, F, Algren, M, Alhroob, M, Ali, B, Ali, HMJ, Ali, S, Alibocus, SW, Aliev, M, Alimonti, G, Alkakhi, W, Allaire, C, Allbrooke, BMM, Allen, JS, Allen, JF, Allport, PP, Aloisio, A, Alonso, F, Alpigiani, C, Alsolami, ZMK, Fernandez, A Alvarez, Cardoso, M Alves, Alviggi, MG, Aly, M, Amaral Coutinho, Y, Ambler, A, Amelung, C, Amerl, M, 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Benhammou, Y, Benkendorfer, KC, Beresford, L, Beretta, M, Kuutmann, E Bergeaas, Berger, N, Bergmann, B, Beringer, J, Bernardi, G, Bernius, C, Bernlochner, FU, Bernon, F, Berrocal Guardia, A, Berry, T, Berta, P, Berthold, A, Berti, A, Bertrand, R, Bethke, S, Betti, A, Bevan, AJ, Bezio, L, Bhalla, NK, Bharthuar, S, Bhatta, S, Bhattarai, P, Bhatti, ZM, Bhide, KD, Bhopatkar, VS, Bianchi, RM, Bianco, G, Biebel, O, Biglietti, M, Billingsley, CS, Bimgdi, Y, Bindi, M, Bingham, A, Bingul, A, Bini, C, Bird, GA, Birman, M, Biros, M, Biryukov, S, Bisanz, T, Bisceglie, E, Biswal, JP, Biswas, D, Bloch, I, Blue, A, Blumenschein, U, Blumenthal, J, Bobrovnikov, VS, Boccardo, L, Boehler, M, Boehm, B, Bogavac, D, Bogdanchikov, AG, Boggia, LS, Boisvert, V, Bokan, P, Bold, T, Bomben, M, Bona, M, Boonekamp, M, Borbely, AG, Bordulev, IS, Borissov, G, Bortoletto, D, Boscherini, D, Bosman, M, Bouaouda, K, Bouchhar, N, Boudet, L, Boudreau, J, Bouhova-Thacker, EV, Boumediene, D, Bouquet, R, Boveia, A, Boyd, J, Boye, D, Boyko, IR, Bozianu, L, Bracinik, J, Brahimi, N, Brandt, G, Brandt, O, Brau, B, Brau, JE, Brener, R, Brenner, L, Brenner, R, Bressler, S, Brianti, G, Britton, D, Britzger, D, Brock, I, Brock, R, Brooijmans, G, Brooks, AJ, Brooks, EM, Brost, E, Brown, LM, Bruce, LE, Bruckler, TL, de Renstrom, PA Bruckman, Brueers, B, Bruni, A, Bruni, G, Brunner, D, Bruschi, M, Bruscino, N, Buanes, T, Buat, Q, Buchin, D, Buckley, AG, Bulekov, O, Bullard, BA, Burdin, S ORCID: 0000-0003-4831-4132, Burgard, CD, Burger, AM, Burghgrave, B, Burlayenko, O, Burleson, J, Burzynski, JC, Busch, EL, Buscher, V, Bussey, PJ, Butler, JM, Buttar, CM, Butterworth, JM, Buttinger, W, Vazquez, CJ Buxo, Buzykaev, AR, Cabrera Urban, S, Cadamuro, L, Cai, H, Cai, Y, Cairo, VMM, Cakir, O, Calace, N, Calafiura, P, Calderini, G, Calfayan, P, Calic, L, Callea, G, Caloba, LP, Calvet, D, Calvet, S, Toro, R Camacho, Camarda, S, Munoz, D Camarero, Camarri, P, Camincher, C, Campanelli, M, Camplani, A, Canale, V, Canbay, AC, 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E, El Moursli, R Cherkaoui, Cheu, E, Cheung, K, Chevalier, L, Chiarella, V, Chiarelli, G, Chien, A, Chiodini, G, Chisholm, AS, Chitan, A, Chitishvili, M, Chizhov, MV, Choi, K, Chou, Y, Chow, EYS, Chu, KL, Chu, MC, Chu, X, Chubinidze, Z, Chudoba, J, Chwastowski, JJ, Cieri, D, Ciesla, KM, Cindro, V, Ciocio, A, Cirotto, F, Citron, ZH, Citterio, M, Ciubotaru, DA, Clark, A, Clark, PJ, Hall, N Clarke, Clarry, C, Clawson, SE, Clement, C, Coadou, Y, Cobal, M, Coccaro, A, Coelho Barrue, RF, De Sa, R Coelho Lopes, Coelli, S, Colangeli, LS, Cole, B, Collado Soto, P, Collot, J, Coluccia, R, Muino, P Conde, Connell, MP, Connell, SH, Conroy, EI, Conventi, F, Cooper-Sarkar, AM, Corazzina, L, Corchia, FA, Choi, A Cordeiro Oudot, Corpe, LD, Corradi, M, Corriveau, F, Cortes-Gonzalez, A, Costa, MJ, Costanza, F, Costanzo, D, Cote, BM, Couthures, J, Cowan, G, Cranmer, K, Cremer, L, Cremonini, D, Crepe-Renaudin, S, Crescioli, F, Cresta, T, Cristinziani, M, Cristoforetti, M, Croft, V, Crosby, JE, Crosetti, G, Cueto, A, Cui, H, Cui, Z, Cunnett, BM, Cunningham, WR, Curcio, F, Curran, JR, De Sousa, MJ Da Cunha Sargedas, Da Fonseca Pinto, JV, Da Via, C, Dabrowski, W, Dado, T, Dahbi, S, Dai, T, Dal Santo, D, Dallapiccola, C, Dam, M, D'amen, G, D'Amico, V, Damp, J, Dandoy, JR, D'andrea, M, Dannheim, D, D'anniballe, G, Danninger, M, Dao, V, Darbo, G, Das, SJ, Dattola, F, D'Auria, S, D'Avanzo, A, Davidek, T, Davidson, J, Dawson, I, De, K, Rossi, C De Almeida, De Asmundis, R, De Biase, N, De Castro, S, De Groot, N, de Jong, P, De la Torre, H, De Maria, A, De Salvo, A, De Sanctis, U, De Santis, F, De Santo, A, De Regie, JB De Vivie, Debevc, J, Dedovich, DV, Degens, J, Deiana, AM, Del Peso, J, Delagrange, L, Deliot, F, Delitzsch, CM, Della Pietra, M, Della Volpe, D, Dell'Acqua, A, Dell'Asta, L, Delmastro, M, Delogu, CC, Delsart, PA, Demers, S, Demichev, M, Denisov, SP, Denizli, H, D'Eramo, L, Derendarz, D, Derue, F, Dervan, P, Desai, AM, Desch, K, Dewhurst, A, Di Bello, FA, Di Ciaccio, A, Di Ciaccio, L, Di Domenico, A, Di Donato, C, Di Girolamo, A, Di Gregorio, G, Di Luca, A, Di Micco, B, Di Nardo, R, Di Petrillo, KF, Diamantopoulou, M, Dias, FA, Diaz, MA, Didenko, AR, Didenko, M, Diefenbacher, SD, Diehl, EB, Cornell, S Diez, Pardos, C Diez, Dimitriadi, C, Dimitrievska, A, Dimri, A, Ding, Y, Dingfelder, J, Dingley, T, Dinu, I-M, Dittmeier, SJ, Dittus, F, Divisek, M, Dixit, B, Djama, F, Djobava, T, Doglioni, C, Dohnalova, A, Dolezal, Z, Domijan, K, Dona, KM, Donadelli, M, Dong, B, Donini, J, D'Onofrio, A, D'Onofrio, M ORCID: 0000-0003-2408-5099, Dopke, J, Doria, A, Dos Santos Fernandes, N, Dos Santos Luz, IA, Dougan, P, Dova, MT, Doyle, AT, Drescher, MP, Dreyer, E, Drivas-koulouris, I, Drnevich, M, Du, D, du Pree, TA, Duan, Z, Dubau, M, Dubinin, F, Dubovsky, M, Duchovni, E, Duckeck, G, Duckett, PK, Ducu, OA, Duda, D, Dudarev, A, Duden, ER, D'uffizi, M, Duflot, L, Duhrssen, M, Duminica, I, Dumitriu, AE, Dunford, M, Dunne, K, Duperrin, A, Yildiz, H Duran, Durglishvili, A, Duvnjak, D, Dyckes, GI, Dyndal, M, Dziedzic, BS, Earnshaw, ZO, Eberwein, GH, Eckerova, B, Eggebrecht, S, Egidio Purcino De Souza, E, Eigen, G, Einsweiler, K, Ekelof, T, Ekman, PA, El Farkh, S, El Ghazali, Y, El Jarrari, H, El Moussaouy, A, Ellert, M, Ellinghaus, F, Elliot, TA, Ellis, N, Elmsheuser, J, Elsawy, M, Elsing, M, Emeliyanov, D, Enari, Y, Ene, I, Epari, S, Ernani Martins Neto, D, Ernst, F, Errenst, M, Escalier, M, Escobar, C, Etzion, E, Evans, G, Evans, H, Evans, LS, Ezhilov, A, Ezzarqtouni, S, Fabbri, F, Fabbri, L, Facini, G, Fadeyev, V, Fakhrutdinov, RM, Fakoudis, D, Falciano, S, Falda Ulhoa Coelho, LF, Fallavollita, F, Falsetti, G, Faltova, J, Fan, C, Fan, KY, Fan, Y, Fang, Y, Fanti, M, Faraj, M, Farazpay, Z, Farbin, A, Farilla, A, Farman, K, Farooque, T, Farr, JN, Farrington, SM, Fassi, F, Fassouliotis, D, Fayard, L, Federic, P, Federicova, P, Fedin, OL, Feickert, M, Feligioni, L, Fellers, DE, Feng, C, Feng, Y, Feng, Z, Fenton, MJ, Ferencz, L, Barbadillo, B Fernandez, Fernandez Martinez, P, Fernoux, MJV, Ferrando, J, Ferrari, A, Ferrari, P, Ferrari, R, Ferrere, D, Ferretti, C, Fewell, MP, Fiacco, D, Fiedler, F, Fiedler, P, Filimonov, S, Filip, MS, Filipcic, A, Filmer, EK, Filthaut, F, Fiolhais, MCN, Fiorini, L, Fisher, WC, Fitschen, T, Fitzhugh, PM, Fleck, I, Fleischmann, P, Flick, T, Flores, M, Castillo, LR Flores, De Acedo, L Flores Sanz, Follega, FM, Fomin, N, Foo, JH, Formica, A, Forti, AC, Fortin, E, Fortman, AW, Foster, L, Fountas, L, Fournier, D, Fox, H, Francavilla, P, Francescato, S, Franchellucci, S, Franchini, M, Franchino, S, Francis, D, Franco, L, Lima, V Franco, Franconi, L, Franklin, M, Frattari, G, Frid, YY, Friend, J, Fritzsche, N, Froch, A, Froidevaux, D, Frost, JA, Fu, Y, Fuenzalida Garrido, S, Fujimoto, M, Fung, KY, Furtado De Simas Filho, E, Furukawa, M, Fuster, J, Gaa, A, Gabrielli, A, Gabrielli, A, Gadow, P, Gagliardi, G, Gagnon, LG, Gaid, S, Galantzan, S, Gallagher, J, Gallas, EJ, Gallen, AL, Gallop, BJ, Gan, KK, Ganguly, S, Gao, Y, Garabaglu, A, Garay Walls, FM, Garcia, C, Alonso, A Garcia, Caffaro, AG Garcia, Garcia Navarro, JE, Garcia Ruiz, MA, Garcia-Sciveres, M, Gardner, GL, Gardner, RW, Garelli, N, Garg, RB, Gargan, JM, Garner, CA, Garvey, CM, Gassmann, VK, Gaudio, G, Gautam, V, Gauzzi, P, Gavranovic, J, Gavrilenko, IL, Gavrilyuk, A, Gay, C, Gaycken, G, Gazis, EN, Gekow, A, Gemme, C, Genest, MH, Gentry, AD, George, S, Geralis, T, Gerwin, AA, Gessinger-Befurt, P, Geyik, ME, Ghani, M, Ghorbanian, K, Ghosal, A, Ghosh, A, Giacobbe, B, Giagu, S, Giani, T, Giannini, A, Gibson, SM, Gignac, M, Gil, DT, Gilbert, AK, Gilbert, BJ, Gillberg, D, Gilles, G, Gingrich, DM, Giordani, MP, Giordano, D, Giraud, PF, Giugliarelli, G, Giugni, D, Giuli, F, Gkialas, I, Gladilin, LK, Glasman, C, Glazewska, M, Gleason, RM, Glemza, G, Glisic, M, Gnesi, I, Go, Y, Goblirsch-Kolb, M, Gocke, B, Godin, D, Gokturk, B, Goldfarb, S, Golling, T, Gololo, MGD, Golubkov, D, Gombas, JP, Gomes, A, Da Silva, G Gomes, Delegido, AJ Gomez, Goncalo, R, Gonella, L, Gongadze, A, Gonnella, F, Gonski, JL, Andana, RY Gonzalez, Gonzalez de la Hoz, S, Rodrigues, MV Gonzalez, Suarez, R Gonzalez, Gonzalez-Sevilla, S, Goossens, L, Gorini, B, Gorini, E, Gorisek, A, Gosart, TC, Goshaw, AT, Gostkin, MI, Goswami, S, Gottardo, CA, Gotz, SA, Gouighri, M, Goussiou, AG, Govender, N, Grabarczyk, RP, Grabowska-Bold, I, Graham, K, Gramstad, E, Grancagnolo, S, Grant, CM, Gravila, PM, Gravili, FG, Gray, HM, Greco, M, Green, MJ, Grefe, C, Grefsrud, AS, Gregor, IM, Greif, KT, Grenier, P, Grewe, SG, Grillo, AA, Grimm, K, Grinstein, S, Grivaz, J-F, Gross, E, Grosse-Knetter, J, Guan, L, Guerrieri, G, Guevara, R, Gugel, R, Guhit, JAM, Guida, A, Guilloton, E, Guindon, S, Guo, F, Guo, J, Guo, L, Guo, Y, Gupta, A, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gurbuz, S, Gurdasani, SS, Gustavino, G, Gutierrez, P, Zagazeta, LF Gutierrez, Gutsche, M, Gutschow, C, Gwenlan, C, Gwilliam, CB ORCID: 0000-0002-9401-5304, Haaland, ES, Haas, A, Habedank, M, Haber, C, Hadavand, HK, Haddad, A, Hadef, A, Hagan, AI, Hahn, JJ, Haines, EH, Haleem, M, Haley, J, Hallewell, GD, Hamano, K, Hamdaoui, H, Hamer, M, Hammoud, SED, Hampshire, EJ, Han, J, Han, L, Han, S, Hanagaki, K, Hance, M, Hangal, DA, Hanif, H, Hank, MD, Hansen, JB, Hansen, PH, Harada, D, Harenberg, T, Harkusha, S, Harris, ML, Harris, YT, Harrison, J, Harrison, NM, Harrison, PF, Hart, MLE, Hartman, NM, Hartmann, NM, Hasan, RZ, Hasegawa, Y, Haslbeck, F, Hassan, S, Hauser, R, Haviernik, M, Hawkes, CM, Hawkings, RJ, Hayashi, Y, Hayden, D, Hayes, C, Hayes, RL, Hays, CP, Hays, JM, Hayward, HS ORCID: 0000-0002-0972-3411, He, M, He, Y, Heatley, NB, Hedberg, V, Heidegger, C, Heidegger, KK, Heilman, J, Heim, S, Heim, T, Heinlein, JG, Heinrich, JJ, Heinrich, L, Hejbal, J, Helbig, M, Held, A, Hellesund, S, Helling, CM, Hellman, S, Correia, AM Henriques, Herde, H, Jimenez, Y Hernandez, Herrmann, LM, Herrmann, T, Herten, G, Hertenberger, R, Hervas, L, Hesping, ME, Hessey, NP, Hessler, J, Hidaoui, M, Hidic, N, Hill, E, Hillersoy, TS, Hillier, SJ, Hinds, JR, Hinterkeuser, F, Hirose, M, Hirose, S, Hirschbuehl, D, Hitchings, TG, Hiti, B, Hobbs, J, Hobincu, R, Hod, N, Hodges, AM, Hodgkinson, MC, Hodkinson, BH, Hoecker, A, Hofer, DD, Hofer, J, Holzbock, M, Hommels, LBAH, Homsak, V, Honan, BP, Hong, JJ, Hong, TM, Hooberman, BH, Hopkins, WH, Hoppesch, MC, Horii, Y, Horstmann, ME, Hou, S, Housenga, MR, Howarth, J, Hoya, J, Hrabovsky, M, Hryn'ova, T, Hsu, PJ, Hsu, S-C, Hsu, T, Hu, M, Hu, Q, Huang, S, Huang, X, Huang, Y, Huang, Z, Hubacek, Z, Huebner, M, Huegging, F, Huffman, TB, Hufnagel Maranha De Faria, M, Hugli, CA, Huhtinen, M, Huiberts, SK, Hulsken, R, Hultquist, CE, Humphreys, DL, Huseynov, N, Huston, J, Huth, J, Hyneman, R, Iacobucci, G, Iakovidis, G, Iconomidou-Fayard, L, Iddon, JP, Iengo, P, Iguchi, R, Iiyama, Y, Iizawa, T, Ikegami, Y, Iliadis, D, Ilic, N, Imam, H, Inacio Goncalves, G, Infante Cabanas, SA, Carlson, T Ingebretsen, Inglis, JM, Introzzi, G, Iodice, M, Ippolito, V, Irwin, RK, Ishino, M, Islam, W, Issever, C, Istin, S, Itabashi, K, Ito, H, Iuppa, R, Ivina, A, Izzo, V, Jacka, P, Jackson, P, Jain, P, Jakobs, K, Jakoubek, T, Jamieson, J, Jang, W, Jankovych, S, Javurkova, M, Jawahar, P, Jeanty, L, Jejelava, J, Jenni, P, Jessiman, CE, Jia, C, Jia, H, Jia, J, Jia, X, Jia, Z, Jiang, C, Jiang, Q, Jiggins, S, Jimenez Ortega, M, Jimenez Pena, J, Jin, S, Jinaru, A, Jinnouchi, O, Johansson, P, Johns, KA, Johnson, JW, Jolly, FA, Jones, DM, Jones, E, Jones, KS, Jones, P, Jones, RWL, Jones, TJ ORCID: 0000-0002-2580-1977, Joos, HL, Joshi, R, Jovicevic, J, Ju, X, Junggeburth, JJ, Junkermann, T, Juste Rozas, A, Juzek, MK, Kabana, S, Kaczmarska, A, Kadir, SA, Kado, M, Kagan, H, Kagan, M, Kahn, A, Kahra, C, Kaji, T, Kajomovitz, E, Kakati, N, Kakoty, N, Kalaitzidou, I, Kandel, S, Kang, NJ, Kar, D, Karentzos, E, Karkout, O, Karpov, SN, Karpova, ZM, Kartvelishvili, V, Karyukhin, AN, Kasimi, E, Katzy, J, Kaur, S, Kawade, K, Kawale, MP, Kawamoto, C, Kawamoto, T, Kay, EF, Kaya, FI, Kazakos, S, Kazanin, VF, Keaveney, JM, Keeler, R, Kehris, GV, Keller, JS, Kelly, JM, Kempster, JJ, Kepka, O, Kerr, J, Kerridge, BP, Kersevan, BP, Keszeghova, L, Khan, RA, Khanov, A, Kharlamov, AG, Kharlamova, T, Khoda, EE, Kholodenko, M, Khoo, TJ, Khoriauli, G, Khoulaki, Y, Khubua, J, Khwaira, YAR, Kibirige, B, Kim, D, Kim, DW, Kim, YK, Kimura, N, Kingston, MK, Kirchhoff, A, Kirfel, C, Kirfel, F, Kirk, J, Kiryunin, AE, Kita, S, Kivernyk, O, Klassen, M, Klein, C, Klein, L, Klein, MH, Klein, SB, Klein, U ORCID: 0000-0001-7391-5330, Klimentov, A, Klioutchnikova, T, Kluit, P, Kluth, S, Kneringer, E, Knight, TM, Knue, A, Kobel, M, Kobylianskii, D, Koch, SF, Kocian, M, Kodys, P, Koeck, DM, Koffas, T, Kolay, O, Koletsou, I, Komarek, T, Koneke, K, Kong, AXY, Kono, T, Konstantinidis, N, Kontaxakis, P, Konya, B, Kopeliansky, R, Koperny, S, Korchuganova, T, Korcyl, K, Kordas, K, Korn, A, Korn, S, Korolkov, I, Korotkova, N, Kortman, B, Kortner, O, Kortner, S, Kostecka, WH, Kostov, M, Kostyukhin, VV, Kotsokechagia, A, 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ISSN 1434-6044, 1434-6052

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Abstract

The worldwide distribution of ATLAS computing, based on the amount of CPU provided, in HS23 (see Sect. 4.1 for the precise definition of HS23), on average in 2023–2024. Countries in gray did not contribute significant CPU One correction is noted for the paper [1], which does not affect the results reported. The vertical axis range of the legend of Fig. 1 is corrected as it was reversed in the original publication.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	5107 Particle and High Energy Physics, 5101 Astronomical Sciences, 5102 Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 51 Physical Sciences, 13 Climate Action
Divisions:	Faculty of Science & Engineering Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Physical Sciences Faculty of Science & Engineering > School of Physical Sciences > Physics
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	17 Apr 2026 09:49
Last Modified:	10 Oct 2026 02:14
DOI:	10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15357-0
Open Access URL:	https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10...
Related Websites:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3198020
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