Rapid Detection and Quantification of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Using Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Goodacre, R ORCID: 0000-0003-2230-645X (2019) Rapid Detection and Quantification of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Using Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7 (JUN). 412-.

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00412

Abstract

With more than a million seizures of illegal drugs reported annually across Europe, the variety of psychoactive compounds available is vast and ever-growing. The multitude of risks associated with these compounds are well-known and can be life threatening. Hence the need for the development of new analytical techniques and approaches that allow for the rapid, sensitive, and specific quantitative detection and discrimination of such illicit materials, ultimately with portability for field testing, is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the application of Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with chemometrics approaches, as rapid and portable techniques for the quantitative detection and discrimination of a wide range of novel psychoactive substances (methcathinone and aminoindane derivatives), both in powder form and in solution. The Raman spectra of the psychoactive compounds provided clear separation and classification of the compounds based on their core chemical structures; <i>viz</i>. methcathinones, aminoindanes, diphenidines, and synthetic cannabinoids. The SERS results also displayed similar clustering patterns, with improved limits of detections down to ~2 mM (0.41 g L<sup>-1</sup>). As mephedrone is currently very popular for recreational use we performed multiplexed quantitative detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), and its two major metabolites (nor-mephedrone and 4-methylephedrine), as tertiary mixtures in water and healthy human urine. These findings readily illustrate the potential application of SERS for simultaneous detection of multiple NPS as mixtures without the need for lengthy prior chromatographic separation or enrichment methods.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	spectroscopy, raman, SERS, drug detection, psychoactive compounds
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	19 Jun 2019 09:58
Last Modified:	30 Jan 2024 08:35
DOI:	10.3389/fchem.2019.00412
Open Access URL:	https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00412
Related URLs:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3046529