Inequalities in glycemic control in childhood onset type 2 diabetes in England and Wales—A national population-based longitudinal study



Amal R. Khanolkar, , Rakesh Amin, , Taylor-Robinson, David ORCID: 0000-0002-5828-7724, Viner, Russell, Warner, Justin and Stephenson, Terence
(2019) Inequalities in glycemic control in childhood onset type 2 diabetes in England and Wales—A national population-based longitudinal study. Pediatric Diabetes, 20 (7). pp. 821-831.

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T2D longitudinal study - glycaemic control Khanolkar AR et al July 2019 Accepted draft only Pediatric Diabetes.pdf - Author Accepted Manuscript

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Abstract

Background Not much is known about glycaemic‐control trajectories in childhood‐onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated characteristics of children and young people (CYP) with T2D and inequalities in glycemic control. Methods We studied 747 CYP with T2D, <19 years of age in 2009‐2016 (from the total population‐based National Pediatric Diabetes Audit [>95% diabetes cases in England/Wales]). Linear mixed‐effects modeling was used to assess socioeconomic and ethnic differences in longitudinal glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) trajectories during 4 years post‐diagnosis (3326 HbA1c data points, mean 4.5 data points/subject). Self‐identified ethnicity was grouped into six categories. Index of Multiple Deprivation (a small geographical area‐level deprivation measure) was grouped into SES quintiles for analysis. Results Fifty‐eight percent were non‐White, 66% were female, and 41% were in the most disadvantaged SES quintile. Mean age and HbA1c at diagnosis were 13.4 years and 68 mmol/mol, respectively. Following an initial decrease between diagnosis and end of year 1 (−15.2 mmol/mol 95%CI, −19.2, −11.2), HbA1c trajectories increased between years 1 and 3 (10 mmol/mol, 7.6, 12.4), followed by slight gradual decrease subsequently (−1.6 mmol/mol, −2, −1.1). Compared to White CYP, Pakistani children had higher HbA1c at diagnosis (13.2 mmol/mol, 5.6‐20.9). During follow‐up, mixed‐ethnicity and Pakistani CYP had poorer glycemic control. Compared to children in the most disadvantaged quintile, those in the most advantaged had lower HbA1c at diagnosis (−6.3 mmol, −12.6, −0.1). Differences by SES remained during follow‐up. Mutual adjustment for SES and ethnicity did not substantially alter the above estimates. Conclusions About two‐thirds of children with childhood‐onset T2D were non‐White, female adolescents, just under half of whom live in the most disadvantaged areas of England and Wales. Additionally, there are substantial socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in diabetes control.

Item Type: Article
Uncontrolled Keywords: diabetes mellitus, type 2,, ethnic groups, glycated hemoglobin a, healthcare disparities, socioeconomic factors
Depositing User: Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited: 25 Jul 2019 14:49
Last Modified: 19 Jan 2023 00:36
DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12897
Related URLs:
URI: https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3050324