Introducing the GEV Activation Function for Highly Unbalanced Data to Develop COVID-19 Diagnostic Models

Bridge, Joshua, Meng, Yanda ORCID: 0000-0001-7344-2174, Zhao, Yitian, Du, Yong, Zhao, Mingfeng, Sun, Renrong and Zheng, Yalin ORCID: 0000-0002-7873-0922 (2020) Introducing the GEV Activation Function for Highly Unbalanced Data to Develop COVID-19 Diagnostic Models. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 24 (10). p. 1.

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Abstract

Fast and accurate diagnosis is essential for the efficient and effective control of the COVID-19 pandemic that is currently disrupting the whole world. Despite the prevalence of the COVID-19 outbreak, relatively few diagnostic images are openly available to develop automatic diagnosis algorithms. Traditional deep learning methods often struggle when data is highly unbalanced with many cases in one class and only a few cases in another; new methods must be developed to overcome this challenge. We propose a novel activation function based on the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution from extreme value theory, which improves performance over the traditional sigmoid activation function when one class significantly outweighs the other. We demonstrate the proposed activation function on a publicly available dataset and externally validate on a dataset consisting of 1,909 healthy chest X-rays and 84 COVID-19 X-rays. The proposed method achieves an improved area under the receiver operating characteristic (DeLong's p-value < 0.05) compared to the sigmoid activation. Our method is also demonstrated on a dataset of healthy and pneumonia vs. COVID-19 X-rays and a set of computerized tomography images, achieving improved sensitivity. The proposed GEV activation function significantly improves upon the previously used sigmoid activation for binary classification. This new paradigm is expected to play a significant role in the fight against COVID-19 and other diseases, with relatively few training cases available.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Computed tomography, Sensitivity, Diseases, X-rays, Machine learning, Lung, Biomedical imaging, Artificial intelligence, computer-aided detection and diagnosis, covid-19, extreme value theory, lung, x-ray and computed tomography
Depositing User:	Symplectic Admin
Date Deposited:	03 Aug 2020 07:52
Last Modified:	18 Jan 2023 23:38
DOI:	10.1109/jbhi.2020.3012383
Related URLs:	Author Publisher
URI:	https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3095898