Russell, Clark D, Fairfield, Cameron J, Drake, Thomas M, Turtle, Lance 
ORCID: 0000-0002-0778-1693, Seaton, R Andrew, Wootton, Dan G ORCID: 0000-0002-5903-3881, Sigfrid, Louise, Harrison, Ewen M, Docherty, Annemarie B, de, Silva Thushan I et al (show 11 more authors)
(2021)
Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a multicentre, prospective cohort study.
LANCET MICROBE, 2 (8).
E354-E365.
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Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic .pdf - Published version Download (1MB) | Preview |
Abstract
<h4>Background</h4>Microbiological characterisation of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19 is lacking, and antimicrobial use is high. We aimed to describe microbiologically confirmed co-infections and secondary infections, and antimicrobial use, in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.<h4>Methods</h4>The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK (CCP-UK) study is an ongoing, prospective cohort study recruiting inpatients from 260 hospitals in England, Scotland, and Wales, conducted by the ISARIC Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium. Patients with a confirmed or clinician-defined high likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection were eligible for inclusion in the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study. For this specific study, we excluded patients with a recorded negative SARS-CoV-2 test result and those without a recorded outcome at 28 days after admission. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and outcome data were collected using a prespecified case report form. Organisms considered clinically insignificant were excluded.<h4>Findings</h4>We analysed data from 48 902 patients admitted to hospital between Feb 6 and June 8, 2020. The median patient age was 74 years (IQR 59-84) and 20 786 (42·6%) of 48 765 patients were female. Microbiological investigations were recorded for 8649 (17·7%) of 48 902 patients, with clinically significant COVID-19-related respiratory or bloodstream culture results recorded for 1107 patients. 762 (70·6%) of 1080 infections were secondary, occurring more than 2 days after hospital admission. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> were the most common pathogens causing respiratory co-infections (diagnosed ≤2 days after admission), with Enterobacteriaceae and <i>S aureus</i> most common in secondary respiratory infections. Bloodstream infections were most frequently caused by <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>S aureus</i>. Among patients with available data, 13 390 (37·0%) of 36 145 had received antimicrobials in the community for this illness episode before hospital admission and 39 258 (85·2%) of 46 061 patients with inpatient antimicrobial data received one or more antimicrobials at some point during their admission (highest for patients in critical care). We identified frequent use of broad-spectrum agents and use of carbapenems rather than carbapenem-sparing alternatives.<h4>Interpretation</h4>In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, microbiologically confirmed bacterial infections are rare, and more likely to be secondary infections. Gram-negative organisms and <i>S aureus</i> are the predominant pathogens. The frequency and nature of antimicrobial use are concerning, but tractable targets for stewardship interventions exist.<h4>Funding</h4>National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, UK Department for International Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, EU Platform for European Preparedness Against (Re-)emerging Epidemics, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool, and NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections at Imperial College London.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | ISARIC4C investigators, Humans, Respiratory Tract Infections, Anti-Infective Agents, Prospective Studies, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, World Health Organization, Female, Male, Pandemics, Coinfection, United Kingdom, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences > Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences |
| Depositing User: | Symplectic Admin |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Jun 2021 08:10 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Jan 2023 22:34 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00090-2 |
| Related URLs: | |
| URI: | https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3126834 |
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